Objective: To compare the shear bond strength of resin cement to zirconia-based monolithic CAD-CAM materials subjected to different surface treatments. Methods: 2 brands of monolithic zirconia blocks (Vita YZ HT, Sirona inCoris TZI), yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconia (IPS e.max ZirCAD) and zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate ceramic (Vita Suprinity) were divided into six groups according to the surface treatment received: no treatment (control), HF acid etching, sandblasting, sandblasting + Er:YAG laser irradiation, Er:YAG laser irradiation and CoJet. Composite resin cylinders were bonded to blocks with self-adhesive resin cement (Theracem). Shear bond strength was evaluated after thermocyling. Failure modes were examined using SEM. Data was analyzed statistically by using 2-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey's test (P < 0,05). Results: The bond strength was significantly affected by the surface treatment and the type of CAD-CAM blocks (P < 0,001). Surface treatment with CoJet revealed significantly higher bond strength compared to sandblasting in Y-TZP and monolithic zirconia specimens. Conclusions: Monolithic zirconia blocks showed higher bond strength values compared to Y-TZP zirconia block in sandblasting and CoJet groups. HF acid etching is more effective than sandblasting and CoJet for Vita Suprinity.

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Background: A Free Maternal and Child Health program (FMCHP) was implemented in 12 states in Nigeria by the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS), between 2009 and 2015, using funds from the debt relief gains. It was called the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) NHIS-MDG FMCHP. The program ended with the termination of the MDG in 2015. With the creation of the Basic Health Care Provision Fund (BHCPF) in Nigeria, this study sought to examine the past implementation experiences of the NHIS-MCH project with a view to identifying the enabling and constraining factors to program implementation, and the opportunities for adaptation and program scale-up in Nigeria using the BHCPF. Methods: The study was undertaken in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, and involved review of relevant documents and in-depth interviews with 21 key informants. The program was assessed in themes from the conceptual framework. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: The program enrolled about 1.5 million pregnant women and children during the period of implementation in the country. The respondents perceived the program as pro-poor, efficient, and effective, and led to marked improvement in the functionality of the facilities, availability of services and reduced out-of-pocket expenditure, which led to increased demand and utilization of MCH services. There was inadequate stakeholder consultation, alleged corrupt practices, challenges with registration, issues with counterpart funding and public financing management issues identified. Most respondents supported the idea of using the new fund (BHCPF) to revitalize/scale-up the Free MCH program. Conclusion: This study highlights the key lessons and implementation challenges identified by the respondents. The NHIS-MDG FMCHP had positive impact on the target population though it was not sustained following the conclusion of the MDG program. The findings will inform policy decisions about the appropriateness of sustaining the program and the feasibility of extending healthcare coverage using the proposed BHCPF. The new fund (BHCPF) can be used to reactivate and scale-up the Free MCH program, but the current level of funding will not assure universal health coverage for the target beneficiaries as realized from the costing aspect of this study.

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Background: Biological sex is an important factor that influences childhood morbidity and mortality but its role in acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children is not well understood. We investigated the trends in sex-specific prevalence of childhood ARI episodes and associated factors in Nigerian children from 1990 to 2013. Methods: This secondary analysis used data from the Nigerian Demographic Health Surveys (NDHS) collected in 1990, 1999, 2003, 2008 and 2013. Variables extracted include: two ARI-related questions, household characteristics, children's anthropometry and vaccination status. We defined ARI as maternal report of cough accompanied by short, rapid breathing. Univariate and bivariate analyses were carried out to estimate prevalence of suspected ARI and compared between male and female children. Results: We found an initial increase followed by a decreasing trend in prevalence of ARI-related symptoms among under-5 children; from 6.7% in 1990 to 11.6% in 1999 then to 3.8% in 2013 without consistent sex differences regardless of other factors except malnutrition. In the 2003 survey, more male than female children had ARI among underweight [OR = 1.22 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.43)] and stunted [OR = 1.23 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.43)] children. Similarly, the 2008 survey showed that more male (5.8%) than female (5.4%) children in the wasted category had ARI [OR = 1.13 (95% CI: 1.07, 2.01)]. The highest prevalence of suspected ARI was consistently recorded in the North-East region. Conclusion: The Nigeria Demographic Health Surveys demonstrated no consistent sex differences in burden and trends of childhood pneumonia-like episodes over a 24-year period. Malnutrition has some influence on the burden of ARI-related symptoms.

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Aims: To investigate the root canal's anatomy, gender differences, and bilateral symmetry of permanent mandibular incisors using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: A total of 208 patients with 822 well-developed mandibular incisors were evaluated. CBCT images were retrieved from the database of patients who received treatment in the College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics. The following parameters were evaluated using CBCT: (1) the number of roots; (2) the number of canals; (3) canal configuration according to Vertucci's classification; (4) differences between genders; and (5) bilateral symmetry. Results: Two canals appeared in 26.3% of mandibular central incisors, 30.8% of lateral incisors, and 28.6% of all the 822 mandibular incisors. In the teeth with two canals, Type III configuration was dominant. There were no statistically significant differences found between the central and lateral incisors (P = 0.449). There were gender differences in central incisors, while lateral incisors showed none. Slight bilateral asymmetries appeared in central and lateral incisors in relation to some canals and canals configurations. Conclusion: CBCT can be of great use in locating the second canal and determining canal configuration in mandibular incisors. Knowledge of bilateral asymmetry can be of clinical significance when the clinician is treating contralateral teeth in the same patient.

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Background: Blood is the most donated tissue in medical practice and a veritable tool in many life-saving situations if used appropriately and judiciously. Despite the increased demand for blood, the supply of safe blood has been inadequate. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the perception and attitude toward voluntary non-remunerated blood donation among medical students in Abakaliki. Subjects and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out at Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, between October 2017 and March 2018. Stratified and simple random sampling technique was used to recruit participants from among medical students using pretested, semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 20. Results: A total of 158 medical students who participated in the study were made up of 90 (57%) males and 68 (43%) females. The most prevalent age group was 20–25 years. Most of the participants, 151 (95.6%), were single. The proportion of the participants who had good knowledge about voluntary blood donation was 72.8%, while the attitudes of the respondents were positive to most aspects of blood donation considered. However, participants were found to have poor practice of voluntary blood donation as only 56 of 158 (35.4%) had ever donated blood. Conclusion: The majority of the participants have good knowledge and positive attitude toward voluntary non-remunerated blood donation. However, their practice of voluntary blood donation was poor. Sustained awareness creation and enlightenment is relevant to influence the masses to have better knowledge and positive attitudes toward voluntary non-remunerated blood donation with improved blood donation practices.

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Objectives: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of casein phosphopeptides (CPP)-ACPF, NovaMin+ fluoride-containing toothpaste and Xylitol+ fluoride containing cream on demineralized areas on the enamel surface. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 enamel slab samples was prepared to investigate in the laboratory experiments. For this purpose, a total of 50 freshly extracted third molar teeth which completed root formation split into two portions in the mesiodistal direction. Enamel surfaces were immersed in a pH cycling protocol as described in the literature to simulate oral conditions for 9 days in order to evaluate the effect of test materials on the artificial enamel lesions. Then the remineralization agents were applied on the enamel surfaces, and we analyzed their effects. Results: We used Vickers Microhardness with the purpose of calculating the amount of lost or acquisition of minerals on the enamel surface qualitatively; inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) to define the calcium and phosphorus ions that dissolved in acid. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's T Post-Hoc tests were performed to distinguish significant differences among groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Remineralization was provided in all treated groups, according to the data obtained from all tests. NovaMin was more effective in increasing acid resistance. It was also found that all three experimental groups were effective in increasing the surface hardness, but CPP-ACPF and NovaMin are more effective than Xylitol. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the experimental groups.

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Background: Premature ejaculation (PE) is a sexual dysfunction causing female sexual dissatisfaction that eventually leads to poor quality of life in both partners. Aims: To show the presence of depression, anxiety, sexual function disorders and their prevalence in spouses of males with PE living in Eastern Turkey. Materials and Methods: Ninety male patients suffering from PE who referred to the andrology clinic between January 2016 and March 2017 and diagnosed with PE (Acquired Premature ejaculation) according to the DSM-IV criteria and their partners were included in the study. Male patients answered the PE Profile, Arabic Index of PE, PE Diagnostic Tool, and Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale (ASEX) Questionnaires. Spouses of male patients with PE answered the Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and Beck Anxiety Inventory Questionnaires. SPSS software version 21.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results: Our study revealed a positive correlation between the PE profile and partners' depression levels (P = 0.03). Also, the average ASEX Scale score of the both genders suggest that patients and partners believe they did not have a severe sexual function disorder. Conclusions: PE can cause psychological problems in both males and females. However, reflection of this pathology can vary from one society to another.

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Background: Although the most popular anesthesia technique for cesarean is spinal anesthesia, its most common complication is post-dural puncture headache (PDPH). Aim: We aimed to determine the effect of median and paramedian approaches during spinal anesthesia on PDPH in patients undergoing cesarean section. Subjects and Methods: 200 pregnant women between the ages of 19-45 years, ASA physical status II, scheduled to undergo elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia, were studied. The patients were randomized into two groups: Group M; (n = 100) spinal anesthesia with the median approach, Group PM; (n = 100) spinal anesthesia with paramedian approach. The patients were questioned for the possible occurrence of PDPH on the first, third and seventh postoperative days. A telephone follow-up call was used if the hospital stay was shorter than seven days. Post-dural puncture headache was evaluated according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-III) diagnostic criteria. Normally distributed data were summarized using mean and standard deviation. Skewed data were summarized using median (range). Results: A total of 200 patients completed the study. There were no statistically different between the groups by comparing the incidence and characteristics of PDPH (32% vs. 28%, P = 0.548). Most patients rated their pain intensity during PDPH as mild to moderate in both groups (p = 0.721). PDPH onset time was 2 (1-4) days in Group PM versus 3 (1-7) days in Group M (p = 0.173). No patient needed for epidural blood patch in both groups. Conclusions: Spinal anesthesia with a median or paramedian approach at cesarean section has no effect on the incidence of PDPH, but we believe that there has been a need for further studies with larger or different patient populations.

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Aims: To evaluate the diagnostic abilities of near-infrared light transillumination (using the DIAGNOcam) and bitewing radiographs in detecting cavitated proximal carious lesions in primary molars. Subjects and Methods: The study was a cross-sectional analytical, clinical study. The proximal surfaces of primary molars of healthy 5- to 8-year-old children were radiographically screened for the presence of carious lesions in the enamel or outer third of dentin (D1). Two trained and calibrated examiners evaluated the depth of caries in bitewing radiographs and DIAGNOcam images and then verified the presence of cavitation by direct visual examination using the “International Caries Detection and Assessment System” after temporary tooth separation. Results: A total of 236 proximal lesions were included in the study. Most of the clinically cavitated lesions (51.9%) were D1 radiographically and in outer dentin lesions (scores 3 and 4) by the DIAGNOcam (37% and 48.1%, respectively). Although DIAGNOcam showed higher sensitivity (0.852) compared to the radiographs (0.519), it showed slightly less specificity (0.569) compared to the radiographs (0.579). However, DIAGNOcam showed higher value of the area under the curve (AUC = 0.722; P < 0.001) compared to the radiographic method (AUC = 0.561; P = 0.308). Conclusions: The DIAGNOcam showed higher sensitivity and better accuracy than bitewing radiographs in diagnosing cavitated proximal lesions in primary molars and can be generally considered as an alternative to radiographs to detect cavitation without the hazards of ionizing radiation in children.

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Objective: To evaluate clinical and histological characteristics and determine the incidence of natal/neonatal teeth in a large Turkish population. Subjects and Methods: Among 17,829 newborns, who were hospitalized at the Neonatal Clinic of a governmental Children's Hospital between 2005 and 2011, 27 neonates were diagnosed with erupted teeth, which were examined in terms of location, clinical appearance and mobility. Besides histological evaluation, a positive family history was also recorded. The variables were analyzed using Chi-square test. Results: Thirty-two natal/neonatal teeth were observed in 27 infants. The incidence of both natal and neonatal teeth was found to be 1:660, while the incidences were separately recorded as 1:1,048 and 1:1,782, respectively. The histological examination revealed a thin hypoplastic enamel layer and a normal dentin layer. There was no difference between the two genders in terms of natal/neonatal tooth type, positive family history and tooth morphology (p > 0.05); or between normal and conical shapes with regard to natal/neonatal tooth type, positive family history and tooth color (p > 0.05). Conclusions: This study exhibited a higher incidence in natal teeth than neonatal teeth. Macroscopic features were not found to be positively related to gender and tooth type.

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Background: The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical success of different fissure sealants applied to erupting permanent first molars by taking into consideration the stages of tooth eruption. Materials and Methods: Two hundred healthy children between ages 5 and 8 with the inclusion criteria were examined. The erupting permanent first molars were evaluated and those at stage 3 or 4 were selected. An investigator placed three different fissure sealants (giomer, hydrophilic, and hydrophobic resin-based). At the end of 18 months, retention loss, development of new dental caries, localization of retention losses, marginal integrity, and marginal discoloration were evaluated. Results: The rate of tooth with total retention at stage 3 was significantly higher (P < 0.05). The development of dental caries in teeth at stage 4 was found to be significantly higher than that of stage 3 (P < 0.05). In terms of marginal integrity, the difference between stages of tooth eruption is similar (P > 0.05). Regarding marginal discoloration, fissure sealants applied at stage 3 were considered to be more successful than those applied at stage 4 (P < 0.05). Conclusions: We may conclude that the tooth eruption affects clinical success and giomer-based fissure sealants may not be an alternative for resin-based fissure sealants in erupting teeth.

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Background: Facial features and personality types vary with different geographical boundaries, culture, and ethnicity. The impression created by teeth design differs with the face and personality of males and females. Aims: This study evaluated the dominant facial and personality types and their correlation among males and females in Central Indian population. Subjects and Methods: The full-face photographs of 120 people, with a broad smile and visible dentition, were calibrated to generate a facial map with digital software. The participants filled a personality questionnaire. Facial form and personality type were classified as a combination of strong, dynamic, delicate, and calm. Descriptive and inferential statistics using Chi-square and Kappa tests. Results: The dominant facial form was calm (66.67%, 71.67%) with the second dominant facial form being dynamic (50%, 51.67%) both for males and females respectively. While the dominant personality type was dynamic (50%), the second dominant personality type was calm (35%, 30%) for both males and females. Kappa analysis showed moderate agreement between the dominant facial and personality types (P = 0.41 in males, P = 0.10 in females). The software used was SPSS 22.0 version and P < 0.05 is considered as the level of significance. Conclusions: A varying number of combinations are essential in characterizing the face. The personality type has a predominance of one type over other. The interpretation of these combinations in dentistry can help to select appropriate tooth forms and design a harmonious smile.

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Objective: To identify whether red blood cell distribution width coefficient of variation (RDW-CV) and mean platelet volume (MPV) levels can predict clomiphene citrate resistance (CC-R) in infertile, anovulatory females with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Methods: A total of 89 infertile patients who were admitted to a tertiary center diagnosed with non-obese PCOS were included in this study. The patients were divided into two groups: the first group comprised 53 non-obese patients with PCOS and CC-R, and the second group included 36 non-obese patients with PCOS and CC-S. RDW-CV, RDW-SD, and MPV values, along with routine whole blood count parameters were compared between the groups. Results: RDW-CV values were found to be significantly higher in the patients with CC-R compared to those with CC-S (P < 0.05). The sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values were found to be 69%, 58.1%, 34.5%, and 12.5%, respectively, at an RDW-CV level of 12.85. The odds ratio was calculated as 3.077 (95% CI 1.245–7.603) in terms of the cut-off point. Conclusion: We think that RDW-CV which is a marker of inflammation is a simple, cheap, and accessible marker for the prediction of CC resistance.

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Necrobiosis lipoidica (NL), one of a group of “necrobiotic” granulomatous cutaneous disorders, is characterized histologically by layers of poorly defined, horizontally oriented, altered “necrobiotic” collagen surrounded by, and alternating with, layers of chronic inflammatory cells, histiocytes, and giant cells throughout the full thickness of the dermis. It is a rare disease associated mostly with diabetes mellitus in whom it may affect 0.3%–1.2% although it has also been associated with other cutaneous and systemic disorders and may occur in otherwise normal people. NL has been reported from all over the world, but there appears to be very few reports of NL in Black Africans. We report the case of a 55-year-old diabetic Nigerian woman who presented with typical NL lesions on the lower legs and who responded very well to topical betamethasone dipropionate 0.05% cream. We also briefly review the probable underlying mechanisms leading to the condition and the various treatments that have been found useful.

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Objective: This study aimed to identify the frequency and goals of Internet usage to access health-related information among primary health care service clients. Methods: The study was conducted in a primary health care centre with a sample of 788 adults. The data were collected through a questionnaire developed by the researchers. Results: The results showed that 81% (n = 640) of the participants used the Internet. All Internet user participants reported that they used the Internet to access health-related information. Of the participants, 67% reported that they used the Internet primarily to obtain information about diseases with 94% reporting that they found the online information reliable and 92% reported that they did not confirm the information they obtained online. The frequency of Internet use to obtain health-related information increased with increase in the level of education of participants. Participants with higher education found the online information to be more reliable and comprehensible. The results showed that while the use of Internet to obtain health-related information was high, the information presented online was not always checked for accuracy. Conclusion: Hence, provision of current and evidence-based information on health-related websites is crucial to preserve community health care.

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Background: Perioperative pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents is a serious complication and causes mortality and morbidity. The study aimed to assess the gastric content of patients undergoing cataract surgery by performing bedside ultrasonography. The secondary aim was to conduct a survey of hospital staff about fasting for cataract surgery. Subjects and Methods: This single-center, cross-sectional study included 65 patients who underwent cataract surgery. The quantitative and qualitative measurements of the gastric content and antral area were performed by gastric ultrasonography in the right lateral decubitus position. The incidence of risk to the stomach was defined according to different threshold levels: content >0.8 ml/kg and 1.5 ml/kg and cross-sectional antral area >340 mm². A questionnaire was provided to anesthesiologists and ophthalmologists about fasting for cataract surgery. Results: The mean age was 69.48 ± 11.10 years. The mean gastric antrum cross-sectional area (CSA) was 11.08 ± 6.42 cm². The predicted gastric volume was 103.39 ± 94.79 ml and 1.37 ± 1.20 ml/kg. The antral area CSA and gastric volume/kg decreased as the fasting time increased. About 98.5% of the patients exceeded the high-risk stomach antral cut-off CSA defined as 340 mm². Gastric content exceeded 0.8 ml/kg in 58.33% of patients and exceeded 1.5 ml/kg in 41.67% of patients. Gastric content in patients was found to be 65.0% solid, 20.0% liquid, and 15.0% empty. All seven ophthalmologists did not apply fasting protocols for cataract surgery. Conclusion: Point of care ultrasonography is a useful, noninvasive tool in determining gastric content and volume. As majority of the patients presented with a full stomach for cataract surgery, we recommend that ophthalmologists and anesthesiologists follow preoperative fasting guidelines for cataract surgery.

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Background: Bimaxillary protrusion is a common dentofacial condition associated with proclination of maxillary and mandibular incisors in relation to the dental and cranial bases resulting in soft tissue procumbency. The present retrospective study aimed to investigate dental and soft tissue profile changes using cephalometric analysis to evaluate bimaxillary protrusion patients after extraction of the first four premolars and subsequent retraction of the anterior teeth. Materials and Methods: Pre-treatment and post-treatment cephalometric radiographs of 46 Saudi patients (16 males and 30 females), 18-30 years of age with bimaxillary protrusion, were selected based on inclusion criteria. Dental and soft tissue landmarks were traced using the Dolphin® imaging software and statistically analyzed with SPSS® 21 software. Results: The upper and lower incisors retroclined by a mean value of 9.6° and 9.65°, respectively, and an average distance of 4.1 mm. The level of maxillary incisor exposure was reduced by approximately 1.1 mm after treatment. A mean increase of 6.6° in the nasolabial angle was also observed. Multiple regression analysis showed that retraction of both upper and lower incisors by 1 mm would result in a 0.44 mm retraction of the upper and lower lips. Conclusion: A statistically significant increase in the nasolabial angle and upper lip length was found in relation to upper and lower incisor retraction and retroclination. A significant reduction was also evident in the post treatment upper incisor exposure, facial convexity angle and mentolabial sulcus depth.

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Budd–Chiari syndrome (BCS) is a rare disease characterized by obstruction of hepatic venous outflow tract with diversified etiologies. Sea-blue histiocytosis (SBH) is a kind of storage diseases defined by the deposition of abundant sea-blue histiocytes in various organs and can lead to hepatosplenomegaly, cirrhosis, or even liver failure. The association between BCS and SBH has never been reported before. Here, we report a patient with BCS presenting with hepatosplenomegaly, portal hypertension, and pancytopenia who was later confirmed to also have SBH.

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Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM), formerly known as congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM), is a rare developmental dysplastic lesion of the fetal tracheobronchial tree. CPAM is a rare cause of neonatal respiratory distress; however, its presence may span fetal to adult period. In two previous case-reports from Nigeria, CPAM was present in post-neonatal infants. We report the case of a neonate, who presented with increasing respiratory distress and an abnormal chest radiograph, initially assumed as pneumonic changes. A revised diagnosis of CPAM was made after a chest computed tomography (CT) scan. The neonate subsequently had a successful excision of the affected lobe with remarkable clinical improvement. The case highlights the need to utilize superior imaging studies such as CT when plain radiographs are inconclusive.

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Background: Metastatic disease of bone is a common complication of most of the advanced malignancies. The majority of patients with bone metastases (BM) experience pain during their disease course and pain control can significantly improve their quality of life. Radiotherapy (RT) is an important modality in the management of BM and different schedules are followed worldwide. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare two multi-fractionated RT regimens (30Gy in 10 fractions and 20Gy in 5 fractions) with respect to the patient's performance, response and pain score in palliative management of painful BM. Methods: This prospective observational study was undertaken between October 2015 and September 2017 at a government medical college in central India. Two fractionation regimens (30 Gy/10 fractions and 20 Gy/5 fractions) were used to treat 50 patients with painful BM (n = 25 in each arm). Patients were treated on telecobalt machine and response assessment done in terms of complete/partial/intermediate response and pain progression. Assessment was performed at one, two and three months post treatment. Statistical analysis was done using Fisher's exact test, student t-test and Chi-square test. A value of P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: There were 9 males (36%) and 16 females (64%) in arm A, and 15 males (60%) and 10 females (40%) in arm B. The median age was 47.50 years (range 28-81 years) in arm A and 54 years (range 34-85 years) in arm B. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of pain palliation at a 1 month (p = 0.73), 2 month (p = 0.75) or 3 month (p = 0.71) follow up. In addition, the mean performance scores at the end of 3^rd month in the 2 arms did not show any statistically significant difference (p = 0.51). Conclusion: A shorter treatment schedule (5 fractions) was equally efficacious as the standard schedule (10 fractions) in our setting. With the advantage of shorter overall treatment time and avoidance of re-irradiation, this schedule may be favourable for high volume centres.

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Objective: To investigate the effect of emotional distress on functional outcomes in acute stroke patients. Materials and Methods: The study included 91 patients (51 females and 40 males) who were followed up with a diagnosis of acute stroke in the Neurology Department of Suleyman Demirel University Training and Research Hospital. The treatment programs of patients progressed in accordance with the functional level. Demographic data of age, gender, and educational level of the patients were recorded. The outcomes were evaluated with application of the patient distress scale (PDS), the functional ındependence measure (FIM), and the physiotherapy functional mobility profile (PFMP) before starting the rehabilitation program and on discharge from the clinic. The Montebello Rehabilitation Factor Score (MRFS) was used to evaluate the rehabilitation outcomes. Results: Mean age of the cases was 68.08 ± 12.66 years. The difference points were calculated for the total scores of the result measurements as Δ PDS 3.72 ± 7.18, ΔFIM 8.74 ± 15.15, and Δ PFMP 4.96 ± 8.82. The MRFS effect points were determined as 0.19 ± 0.31, and the MRFS performance points as 0.03 ± 0.07. A statistically significant negative correlation was determined between Δ FIM, ΔPFMP, MRFS effect points, MRFS performance points, and Δ PDS points (P < 0.01). Conclusion: The results of the study showed that acute stroke patients with a good emotional state had better functional outcomes. It can be concluded that evaluating the emotional state and existing problems while planning of rehabilitation programs will make a positive contribution to both the functional and emotional states of acute stroke patients.

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Background: Findings from studies on obesity and benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) have been inconsistent. With a previous study done in our facility showing no correlation between anthropometric indices of obesity and BPE, this study aimed at reevaluating the association between obesity and BPE using sonographic indices of abdominal/central obesity. Materials and Methods: Ninety consenting subjects with clinically confirmed BPE had their height and weight [(to calculate body mass index (BMI)] as well as waist and hip circumference [to calculate waist–hip ratio (WHR)] done. The subcutaneous, preperitoneal, and visceral fat thicknesses (SFT, PFT, and VFT, respectively) of these subjects and their prostate volumes were measured on transabdominal Ultrasonography (USS). Transrectal USS was also done to measure the total prostate and transitional zone volumes. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. Results: WHR and waist circumference correlated positively with SFT (r = 0.325, P = 0.002 and r = 0.370, P = 0.000, respectively) and PFT (r = 0.209, P = 0.048 and r = 0.313, P = 0.003, respectively). While BMI correlated positively (r = 0.23, P = 0.029) with transrectal transitional zone volume, all three sonographic indices of adiposity correlated negatively (SFT: r = −0.223, P = 0.035; PFT: r = −0.321, P = 0.002; VFT: r = −0.242, P = 0.021) with transrectal total prostate volume. In addition, PFT correlated negatively with transabdominal prostate volume (r = −0.222, P = 0.037) and transrectal transitional zone volume (r = −0.211, P = 0.046). Conclusion: The relationship of BMI with transrectal transitional zone volume was a direct one, while that of SFT, PFT, and VFT with transrectal total prostate volume as well as PFT with transabdominal prostate volume and transrectal transitional zone volume was an inverse one.

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Aims: To review the trends in glaucoma procedural treatments from January 2009 to December 2017. Methodology: A retrospective search was carried out from the operating theater and laser room records of the Eye Foundation Hospitals in Lagos, Abuja, and Ijebu-Imushin. Consecutive glaucoma procedures for each year from January 2009 to December 2017 were recorded in the data sheet prepared for the study. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results: From 2009 to 2017, trabeculectomy had been decreasing in frequency from 117 to 65 (44%), except for 2015. The frequency of use of glaucoma drainage device (GDD) has been steadily increasing from 1 in 2013 to 26 in 2017, but this is not statistically significant. The frequency of cataract extraction with trabeculectomy reduced drastically from 20 in 2009 to 3 (566%) in 2014. Bleb review (BR) increased from 2 in 2009 to 18 (800%) in 2015, however, it dropped to 6 in 2017 (66%). Among the laser procedures, transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (g-probe) is commonly done. It increased from 40 procedures in 2009 to 98 in 2014 (145%). There has been an increase in laser trabeculoplasty from 15 in 2009 to 44 in 2013 (193%). Laser iridotomy increased from 12 in 2009 to 26 in 2015 (116%). From 2009 to 2015, there was an increase in glaucoma procedures and surgeries – 206 to 325 (58%) but this declined by 27% from 2015 to 2017. Conclusion: Trabeculectomy is the most performed procedure at our centers. This is followed by g-probe and laser trabeculoplasty. The rate of trabeculectomy is on the decrease, while the rate of GDD is increasing. The laser procedures are also on the increase.

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Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a pandemic disease affecting all regions across the globe and Nigeria having the second highest prevalence worldwide. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has profound negative effect on the optic nerve even though (HAART) has improved the health status of the affected individuals and overall reduction in mortality. Imaging modality especially ultrasound has a great role in the assessment of the optic nerve because of its availability, affordability, and easy operability with reliable sensitivity. Subjects and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Radiology and Ophthalmology, AKTH, Kano, from October 2017 to June 2018. A total of 143 consenting HIV-positive adults age 18–60 years on HAART were recruited. Optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) of each eye was measured using 11–14 MHz linear transducer. Ethical approval was obtained from the ethic and research committee of the hospital. Results: The mean ONSD value of the right eye was 3.49 mm ± 1.04 standard deviation (SD) and 3.55 mm ± 1.11 SD for the left eye. The optic nerve diameter was found to be larger on the left eye and increased slightly with age (P < 0.05). There was nonsignificantly higher values of ONSD among female (3.59 mm ± 1.12 SD) when compared with males (3.332 mm ± 0.878) with P value >0.005. Conclusion: ONSD values among HIV-positive patients are significantly higher in the left eye and among female subjects. Also, patients with HIV on HAART have thicker optic nerves when compared with general population in Kano, Nigeria.

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