Objective: Despite the significant positive effect of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy on physical and psychosocial well-being of people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) (PLWHA); decreased physical activity and its associated cardiovascular risk still pose some consequences for health and general well-being. This study investigated the effect of an 8 week aerobic exercise training on cardiovascular parameters and CD4 cell (T-cells) count of PLWHA. Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled trial recruited 30 age matched PLWHA who were randomly assigned into exercise group (EG) ( n = 15) and control group (CG) ( n = 15) respectively. The PLWHA were patients receiving treatment in President's Emergency Plan for AIDS relief at the HIV clinic of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. The EG in addition to conventional therapy received moderate intensity continuous exercise training (60-79% of the maximum heart rate [max]) of between 45 and 60 min, 3 times/week for 8 weeks, while the CG received conventional therapy involving antiretroviral therapy and counseling only. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), maximum oxygen uptake (VO ₂ max) and CD4 cell count were assessed at baseline (week 1) and week 8 respectively. Analysis of co-variance and Pearson correlation tests were used in data analysis. Results: Findings of the study revealed a significant effect (ANCOVA test) of moderate intensity continuous exercise training program on, SBP, DBP, VO ₂ max and CD4 cell count at P < 0.05. Changes in VO ₂ max significantly correlated (Pearson correlation test) with changes in CD4 cell count ( r = 0.528) at P < 0.05. Conclusion: Moderate intensity aerobic exercise is an effective complementary therapy in lowering blood pressure and increasing CD4 cell count in PLWHA.

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Background: Anemia in pregnancy is highly prevalent among antenatal clinic attendees in Enugu, Nigeria despite the practice of routine iron supplementation in pregnancy. The major problem with iron supplementation in pregnancy is compliance, and this may be a potential driver to the persistent high prevalence of anemia in this population. Objectives: To find out the compliance rate and determinants of compliance to iron supplementation among pregnant women in Enugu, southeastern Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a questionnaire-based cross-sectional study of eligible pregnant women receiving antenatal care at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Ituku/Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria between April 1, 2012 and January 31, 2013. Results: The knowledge of iron supplementation was 76.3% ( n = 302), however, the compliance rate was 65.9% ( n = 261). Tertiary level of education and high social class were factors significantly associated with compliance to iron supplementation after adjusting for other factors in the binary logistic regression analysis ( P < 0.05). The major barriers to compliance to iron supplementation included gastrointestinal side effects of iron supplements (41.7%), non-affordability of iron supplements (28.3%), and forgetfulness (15.0%) among the antenatal mothers. Conclusion: The compliance rate of 65.9% for iron supplementation by pregnant mothers in Enugu can further be improved by providing the drug free of charge in the short term and improvement in education and socioeconomic class of the populace in the long run.

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Background and Aims: The oropharyngeal (OP) and nasopharyngeal structures seems to play roles in the development of the dentofacial complex. Soft palate as a part of nasopharyngeal and OP apparatus has an important role in phonation, deglutition and respiration. The aim of this study was to find whether any correlation exists between the three types of malocclusion and airway space using lateral cephalogram and computed tomography (CT) and to compare its reliability. To obtain important information on the morphology of the soft palate on lateral cephalogram and to determine its etiopathogenesis in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Materials and Methods: Lateral cephalogram of 45 subjects were used to measure the pharyngeal airway. The subjects were divided into three groups (each group included 15 subjects) according to ANB angle: Class I (ANB angle 2-4°), Class II (ANB angle >4°), Class III (ANB angle ≤2°). Results: The result showed a significant reduction in pharyngeal airway in ANB Class II. Type I soft palate, leaf-shape was found in maximum subjects. The volume of airway size showed higher statistical significance with the greater coefficient of variation on CT in relation to corresponding cephalometric airway area. Conclusion: The sagittal skeletal pattern is a contributory factor in variations in the upper airway dimensions. The measurements acquired from both the modalities are reliable and reproducible, but CT gives the better assessment of cross-sectional dimensions of airway space. Morphology of the soft palate can be used as references for etiological research of OSA.

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Objective: This study is aimed at analyzing the demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as the hematological-biochemical parameters of patients who admitted to the hospital with the diagnosis of mad honey poisoning. Materials and Methods: A total of 16 patients who were admitted with mad honey intoxication symptoms and treated in Emergency Department of Sakarya Education and Research Hospital between January 2009 and December 2012 were included in the study. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients and hematological, biochemical parameters were obtained from hospital records. Heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure on admission and at discharge were obtained retrospectively. Results: Sixteen patients (10 males and 6 females, mean age 58.5 ± 10 years, range between 41 and 79) were included in our study. Heart rate was 42 ± 6 beats/min, systolic blood pressure was 73 ± 19 mmHg, and diastolic blood pressure was 45 ± 17 mmHg on admission. In the evaluation of the patients' heart rhythms on admission to the emergency room, nine (56.3%) patients had sinus bradycardia, three (18.8%) patients had nodal rhythm, two (12.5%) patients had first degree atrioventricular block, and two (12.5%) patients had atrial fibrillation. Atropine 1.1 ± 0.4 mg and saline 1125 ± 465 ml were used to treat patients. Patients were discharged with a stable condition after an average 27.7 ± 7.2 h of follow-up. Heart rate was 75 ± 8 beats/min, systolic blood pressure was 132 ± 7 mmHg, and diastolic blood pressure was 82 ± 6 mmHg at discharge. Mortality was not observed. Hematological and biochemical parameters measured at the time of admission were within normal ranges. Conclusion: Mad honey poisoning should be considered in previously healthy patients with unexplained symptoms of bradycardia, hypotension, and cardiac dysrhythmias. Therefore, diet history should carefully be obtained from the patients admitted with bradycardia and hypotension, and mad honey intoxication should also be considered in the differential diagnosis, as well as primary cardiac, neurologic, and metabolic disorders. Mad honey poisoning may be presented with life-threatening symptoms without any hematological and biochemical disorder.

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Background: Clients' knowledge, perception of and satisfaction with the quality of maternal health services (QMHS) enables maternal health programs to assess the impact of their services from the clients' perspective. Objective: The objective of this study is to assess the knowledge, perception of and clients' satisfaction with the QMHS at the primary health care (PHC) level in Nnewi, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey. Using multistage sampling technique, 280 women utilizing maternal health services from randomly selected PHC facilities in Nnewi, Nigeria were selected for the study. Data were collected using a mix of quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 16, while qualitative data were reported verbatim, analyzed thematically and necessary quotes presented. Results: A total of 280 women were studied. The mean age of the respondents was 29.2 ± 5.9 years. 231 (82.5%) were married. 89 (31.8%) did not report any knowledge about QMHS. Level of satisfaction was not different among women of different socioeconomic groups ( P > 0.05). Sociodemographic characteristics of clients were not found to be associated to the perception of waiting time: ( P > 0.05). The attitude of health care providers toward the clients was reported as good. Conclusions: Despite the poor quality of services provided, this study showed that client's knowledge of quality of services was good. Furthermore cost, local language used, staff attitude and interaction with clients was acceptable and may be the reason for high level of satisfaction reported.

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Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze traumatic dental injuries in children visiting the dental hospital emergency department in Samsun of Turkey, in the period from 2007 to 2011. Materials and Methods: Data of age, gender, causes of dental trauma, injured teeth, type of dental injuries, the application period, the dental treatments, and traumatic dental injuries according to the seasons were obtained from the records at dental hospital. Results: Of all 320 patients with traumatic dental injury, 205 were boys and 115 were girls with a boys/girls ratio 1.78:1. Traumatic dental injury was observed more frequently in the 7-12 age groups: 52.5% in girls and 67.8% in boys. Falls are the major cause of traumatic dental injury in the age group 6-12 (51.4%). Sport activities are a common cause of traumatic dental injury in the 7-12 age group (34.2%). Patients visited a dentist within approximately 2 h (57.1%). The upper anterior teeth were subjected to trauma more frequently than the lower anterior teeth. The maxillary central incisors were the most commonly affected teeth, and the mandibular canins were the least affected teeth. In primary teeth, avulsion was the most common type of dental injury (23%); on the other hand, enamel fractures were the most common type of dental injury (30.6%) observed in permanent teeth. In the primary dentition, the most commonly performed treatments were dental examination and prescribing (70%). The most common treatment choices in permanent teeth were restoration and dental examination (49.7 and 15.8%, respectively). Conclusion: The results of the study show that the emergency intervention to traumatized teeth is important for good prognosis of teeth and oral tissues. Therefore, the parents should be informed about dental trauma in schools, and dental hospital physicians should be subjected to postgraduate training.

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Objective: This study aims at contributing to the definitive diagnosis of ossifying fibroma (OF) based on histomorphological features. The study also aims to determine some demographic features of OF, common sites of occurrence and to determine whether behavior correlates well with the histomorphological variations seen in the lesion. Materials and Methods: A total of 80 patients who were diagnosed either as cementifying fibroma CF, OF and cemento-ossifying fibroma (COF) of the jaws from the files of the Oral Pathology Department of the University of the Witwatersrand Dental School were retrieved and the histology slides of each case were reviewed with the most recent diagnostic criteria for OF and the authors additional criteria. A total of 56 cases that met the set criteria were analyzed. Results: The patients were clustered within the third and fourth decades of life ( n = 39, 69.6%). Majority of the patients were black (83.93%), whereas the rest were whites (12.50%) and Asians (3.57%). There were 17 males (30.4%) and 39 females (69.6%), giving a male to female ratio of 1:2.3. Most of the lesions (70.3%) occurred in the mandible, involving the premolar molar region (56.7%). Scanty fibrous tissues in highly cellular lesions were found in 36 (64.3%) of the cases. There were globular, dystrophic or granular calcifications mixed with irregularly shaped trabeculae of lamellar or cellular woven bone or osteoid were found, in 36 (64.3%) cases. Conclusion: Demographic data, clinicoradiologic features, combined with histopathology will continue to be relevant in the definitive diagnosis of OF and in predicting its behavior. Highly aggressive lesions with shorter duration in people below 15 years were called juvenile OF and treated as such, while OF applies to other conventional ones.

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Background: There is strong evidence in the literature that there is an association between ABO blood group and certain diseases. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate any association between the ABO blood groups and diabetes mellitus (DM) in Qatar. Design: This was a sex-matched case-control study. Setting: This study was carried out in the diabetic outpatient clinics and blood bank of the Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC) from April 2011 to December 2012. Subjects and Methods: The study included 1633 diabetic patients and 1650 nondiabetic apparently healthy controls. A total of 2148 adult patients above 18 years of age were selected consecutively from the diabetic clinics of the hospitals and 1633 patients gave consent to take part in this study, thus giving a response rate of 76%. A total of 2150 nondiabetic healthy adults above 18 years of age were recruited from the blood bank and 1650 individuals agreed to take part in this study, giving a response rate of 76.7%. Blood group of the recruited subjects was taken from the database of the Blood Bank, Central laboratory, HMC. Results: The data revealed that the blood group B was significantly more common in diabetic patients as compared with healthy population (25.7% vs. 20.4%; P < 0.001). Blood group O was significantly less common in diabetic patients compared with nondiabetics (38.5% vs. 45.4%; P < 0.001). Among diabetic men, the frequency of only blood group B was significantly higher, while on the contrary among diabetic women the frequency of both A and B (29.7% vs. 24.8%; P = 0.03 and 25.5% vs. 20%; P < 0.009, respectively) were significantly higher as compared with nondiabetic healthy population. Conclusion: The findings in this study suggest that ABO antigens are associated with DM. DM is more common in individuals with blood group B.

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Background: Understanding the patients' perception of services received is essential as the parameters important to the patient may be quite different from that to the eye health provider. Aim: This study aims to evaluate patients' satisfaction with the care received from the pioneer teaching hospital in south-eastern Nigeria and use it to audit services. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was administered to 307 consecutive consenting patients seen at the eye clinic of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu in April 2013. The questionnaire asked questions regarding satisfaction with the time spent in the clinic, attitude of various categories of staff, physical facilities, cleanliness of the clinic and willingness to come again to the clinic or recommend it to others. Results: The respondents were more satisfied with the attitude of the doctors and nurses than that of revenue and medical records clerks (P = 0.001). Most patients, 288 (93.8%) expressed satisfaction with the overall cleanliness of the eye clinic; 220 (71.7%) and 288 (93.8%) were not satisfied with the toilet facilities and cost of services, respectively. Only 140 (45.6%) participants will recommend the hospital to others strongly, 145 (47.2%) will do so hesitantly. Conclusion: Majority of the patients were satisfied with the services received. The major dissatisfaction points were cost of services and inadequate toilet facilities.

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Background: Fever is a common symptom of urinary tract infection (UTI) in children less than 5 years of age. Little attention is however paid to UTI as a cause of fever in this age group. Objective: The objective of the following study is to determine the prevalence of UTI in febrile children less than 5 years of age and relate it to demographic and clinical characteristics. Materials and Methods: Urine specimen of febrile children aged 1-59 months obtained by suprapubic or midstream methods were analyzed using standard laboratory methods of microscopy, culture and sensitivity. Results: A total of 200 children were enrolled; nearly 56% (112/200) were males. The mean age of the subjects was 31.14 ± 17.96 months. The prevalence of UTI was 11% and was significantly higher in females than in males ( P = 0.049). Children below 12 months of age had a higher rate of UTI than those 12 months and above ( P = 0.028). The common clinical features were vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, urinary frequency and urgency but none had a significant association with UTI. Conclusion: UTI is common in febrile under-fives especially among females and infants. No association was apparent between the occurrence of UTI and clinical parameters.

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Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become a public health problem with rising incidence and prevalence world-wide. Despite the fact that Sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria appears to be badly hit by this epidemic, there is a paucity of data on CKD prevalence in these regions and where data exists, they are mostly hospital-based. Objectives: The present study was carried out to determine the prevalence and correlates of CKD in an urban civil service population in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 179 civil servants in the Bayelsa State secretariat were screened for CKD during the World Kidney Day on March 2012. CKD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min/1.73 m ² body surface area and/or proteinuria. Socio-demographic data was obtained using interviewer-administered semi-structured questionnaire while anthropometric measurements were taken. Blood pressure (BP), urinalysis, serum urea and creatinine were also assessed. Results: The prevalence of CKD in the study was 7.8%. Age >50 years was associated with CKD in univariate analysis but none of age, gender, body mass index, BP or hyperglycemia independently predicted it. Conclusion: The prevalence of CKD among Nigerian civil servants was fairly high and was associated with advancing age. Routine screening for CKD in this population is recommended.

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Background: The potential combination of diuretics- angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (diuretics-ACEIs-NSAIDs), the so-called 'triple whammy', to produce clinically significant nephrotoxicity in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is often unrecognized. In 2013, in the British Medical Journal, we described accelerated post-operative acute kidney injury (AKI) in CKD patients concurrently on 'triple whammy' medications, a new syndrome that we aptly named 'quadruple whammy'. Materials and Methods: Two case reports. Results: I. A 59-year-old Caucasian male, hypertensive CKD III, serum creatinine (SCr) 1.42 mg/dL, developed accelerated oliguric AKI after elective right nephrectomy. Outpatient medications included Lisinopril-Hydrochlorothiazide and Nabumetone (NSAID). SCr rapidly more than doubled with metabolic acidosis and hyperkalemia within 24 hours, peaking at 4.02 mg/dL. 'Triple whammy' medications were promptly stopped and the hypotension was corrected. SCr was 1.64 mg/dL and stable, after three months. II. A 46-year-old Caucasian male, hypertensive CKD II, SCr 1.21 mg/dL, developed accelerated AKI after elective right hip arthroplasty. Outpatient medications included Lisinopril and Hydrochlorothiazide. Celecoxib (200 mg) was given pre-operatively. Within 36 hours, SCr rapidly more than doubled to 2.58 mg/dL, with metabolic acidosis. 'Triple whammy' medications were promptly stopped and the hypotension was corrected. SCr was 0.99 mg/dL, and stable, after one month. Conclusion: We have described two cases of preventable accelerated AKI following post-operative hypotension in CKD patients concurrently on 'triple whammy' medications. We dubbed this new syndrome "Quadruple Whammy". It is not uncommon. 'Renoprevention', the pre-emptive withholding of (potentially nephrotoxic) medications, including 'triple whammy' medications, pre-operatively, in CKD patients, together with the simultaneous avoidance of peri-operative hypotension would help reduce, if not eliminate such AKI - a call for more pharmacovigilance.

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Objective: This study was conducted to assess the accuracy of palatal rugae as a tool for human identification and to determine factors that may limit accuracy. This will serve as a potential basis for advising national health policy formulation on human identification as forensic rugoscopy is unexplored in sub-Saharan Africa. Materials and Methods: One hundred consenting participants were recruited; impressions of the upper jaws were taken and cast with dental stone. All the teeth on the models were trimmed off to prevent identification by tooth morphology and the models were coded. Five uncalibrated dentists independently pair-matched the models based on the pattern of the palatal rugae. Results: The overall accuracy for all 50 paired models ranged from 72 to 96%, while the percentage correct match for each of the 50 paired models range from 40-100%. All the examiners properly matched 60% of the models. Conclusion: Rugoscopy is a useful technique for human identification due to the unique rugae pattern in every individual. However, without the aid of ancillary aids, visual inspection alone can be challenging. Clinical relevance: This study provides useful information on an additional clinical technique relevant for human identification.

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Background: Bisphosphonate (BP)-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) disease is rare, but there are serious side-effects of BP therapy in patients. In some patients, surgery is needed and could not be cured. A standard test is not available showing the risk of jaw osteonecrosis in routine use. The measurement of serum C-terminal telopeptide (CTX) levels has been used in diseases of BRONJ resorption and antiresorptive therapy. Aim: This paper is aimed at investigating the relationship between traumatic procedures and presence of BP-related osteonecrosis. Materials and Methods: Thirty male Wistar albino rats with weighing 200 ± 20 g were used for the experimental procedures. Rats were randomly divided into three groups each containing 10 rats as follows: Group 1 (traumatic extraction group), Group 2 (atraumatic extraction group), and Group 3 (control group). All groups, zoledronic acid (ZA) (0.3 mg/kg/week) ^[1] was diluted with physiological saline and given subcutaneously for 2 months. After the 2 months, Group 1 was subjected to traumatic extraction of right first lower molars, and Group 2 was subjected to atraumatic extractions of the right first lower molars. Group 3 was subjected to no extractions as a control group. Animals were euthanized 32 days after tooth extractions, and the ZA administration protocol was maintained until the animals' death. After sacrifice, blood samples were collected for C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-1) levels, clinical and radiological findings were recorded. Results: The bone resorption marker CTX-1 showed a significant difference among the groups. CTX-1 was measured significantly higher in blood samples of Group 2 (4.15 ± 0.34; P = 0.001) than Group 1 (3.77 ± 0.34; P = 0.0001). No, statistically significant changes were found between Groups 1 and 2 as for clinical and radiological assessment. Conclusion: This study provides preliminary observations for the development of an animal model of BRONJ. Although clinical and radiological findings were not relevant, serum CTX values are reliable biochemical markers for predicting BRONJ and also atraumatic surgical procedures are important to prevent BRONJ.

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Aim: To evaluate the potential antibacterial effect of recurrent doses of topical gaseous ozone on the Enterococcus faecalis biofilms0 growth in human root canals in vitro. Materials and Methods: One hundred and thirty four human single-rooted mandibular premolars were enlarged to a size 35 K-File. Each root canal were inoculated with an overnight culture of Enterococcus faecalis 0ATCC 29212 in tryptic soy broth for 24 hours and incubated for 7 days at 37°C. At 7-day interval, 4 specimens were prepared for Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis to confirm the presence and purity of biofilms whilst the other contaminated root canals were irrigated and disinfected. One hundred root canals of total 134 specimens were selected to create the experimental groups and divided into 5 subgroups. In each experimental group ( n = 20) root canals), recurrent ozone doses were applied with different irrigation and disinfection protocols in 5 different time intervals. Bacterial growth was analyzed by counting viable E. faecalis on tryptic soy agar plates. Results: According to intergroup comparison results observed in the final sample collection analysis, the amount of remaining bacteria in the positive control group were found to be significantly higher compared to Groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and the material control group ( P < 0.01). The remaining amount of bacteria in the last count of Group 1 were found to be significantly higher compared to Group 2 ( P < 0.05), Group 4 ( P < 0.01), Group 5 (P < 0.05) and the material control group (P < 0.01). Conclusion: The application of topical gaseous ozone in recurrent doses provides a positive effect in the removal of E. faecalis biofilm from root canals. However, during disinfection procedure, the combined use of recurrent doses of topical gaseous ozone with 2% NaOCl enhanced its antibacterial effect against E. faecalis biofilm.

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Hyperglycemic crisis (HC) is an acute complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) that is commonly precipitated by infections and non-compliance with therapy. Viral precipitant of HC is uncommon. To report a rare case of HC unmasked by Lassa fever in a patient previously not known to have diabetes mellitus. A 54 year old lady presented with complaints of generalized body weakness, inability to pass stool, and fever. There was no abdominal pain, vomiting and nausea. There were no features of DM. She is not a known case of diabetes mellitus or hypertension. Patient does not drink alcoholic beverages. There was no history of bleeding from any orifices. She was acutely ill-looking, afebrile, not pale, anicteric, nil pedal oedema. Pulse rate was 110 beats per minute, regular, normal volume. Blood pressure was 110/80 mmHg. Respiratory rate was 26 cycles/minute, breath sound was vesicular. Abdomen was full and moved with respiration. There were no areas of tenderness, no organomegaly, no ascites, and bowel sounds were normoactive. Neurologic examination revealed a conscious patient who was restless. Casual blood glucose was 600mg/dl. Urinalysis: Glycosuria (+++), HbA1c was 12.4%. Lassa PCR done was positive. Patient was managed for hyperglycemic crisis with intravenous normal saline and soluble insulin. She was also commenced on Ribavirin but died of complications of lassa fever. Lassa fever should be included as a precipitant of hyperglycemic crisis in endemic countries.

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Sheehan's syndrome (SS), which is an important cause of hypopituitarism, is common in developing countries. The most common presentation is the absence of lactation and amenorrhea. Hypothyroidism rather than hyperthyroidism is the usual expected phenomenon in SS. Postpartum hyperthyroidism is also common and Graves' disease (GD) is an important cause of postpartum hyperthyroidism. Here we report a case of a 22-year-old female patient in our clinic presented symptoms of amenorrhea, lack of lactation, palpitations and sweating. Her physical examination revealed goiter, moist skin and proptosis. Her laboratory evaluation showed suppressed thyroid stimulating hormone, elevated levels of free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine. Thyroid antibodies were positive. Tec ^99m thyroid scintigraphy results were gland hyperplasia and increased uptake consistent with GD. She gave birth 7 months ago; after delivery she had a history of prolonged bleeding, amenorrhea and inability to lactate. She had hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, hyperprolactinemia and growth hormone deficiency. Serum cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels were normal. Her magnetic resonance imaging was empty sella. Our diagnosis was GD co-existing with SS. GD with concomitant hypopituitarism is rare but has been described previously, but there are no reports of GD occurring with SS. In this case study, we report a patient with GD associated with SS.

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Background: Students' poor performance in physiology examinations has been worrisome to the university community. Reported preference of peer-tutoring to didactic lectures at the University of Nigeria Medical School has not been investigated. Aim: The aim of this work is to design/implement low-cost interventions to improve teaching and learning of physiology. Materials and Methods: This is a postintervention retrospective review of medical Student's performance in 2 ^nd Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery examinations physiology. Data were collected and analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics using the MedCalc Statistical software (Turkey). The odds ratio (OR) was used to determine the chances of passing before and after the intervention. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: A total of 2152 students sat for the professional examination over the study period, and 1485 students passed the examination at first attempt giving an overall pass rate of 69%. The pass rate from 2008 when our interventions started was significantly higher than the pass rate before this reform (OR: 0.53; 95% confidence interval: 0.43-0.64; P < 0.0001). Conclusion: Results support the engagement of teachers with strong translational interests and clinicians to augment existing faculty in basic sciences, innovative alternatives to passive lecture formats and students involvement in program evaluation.

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Background: Among many factors that may affect the in-hospital mortality among acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients admitted to the cardiac care unit (CCU), the day and time of admission have been reported to play some role, but such relationship is controversial. Objective: The objective of the following study is to assess the effect of the day and time of admission on in-hospital mortality of patients with AMI. Subjects and Methods: Retrospective analysis of data of all patients with AMI who were admitted to the CCU in Al-Sadr Teaching Hospital, Basrah, Iraq during 2010 was conducted. Results: A total of 419 patients were included in this analysis. The mean age of patients was 62.4 ± 11.6 years, 64.9% of them were men. Admission during weekdays was greater than that during weekends (63.2% vs. 36.8%). Admission during off hours was greater than that during regular-hours (59.9% vs. 41.1%). Weekend admissions were more likely to be presenting with ST elevation myocardial infarction, complications and hypotension. A likewise pattern of baseline characteristics was found among patients admitted at the off-hours time. The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 16.5%. The weekend admission was associated with a higher unadjusted hospital mortality rate than that for weekday admission (23.4% vs. 12.5%, respectively; odds ratio [OR], 2.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27-3.61; P = 0.004). In multivariate analyzes, no statistically significant difference in mortality was found between weekend and weekday admissions (OR, 0.658; 95% CI, 0.311-1.392). Whereas, off-hours admission was significantly associated with a higher mortality (25.5% vs. 3%; P < 0.001), adjusted OR, 12.178; 95% CI, 3.846-38.442. Conclusion: Of predictors for the in-hospital outcome of AMI, day of admission had no significant influence on mortality, whereas off-hour admission was associated with an increased risk of AMI in-hospital mortality.

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Background: Airway management is an integral part of anesthetist's training and clinical practice. Studies have suggested that opportunities for anesthesia trainees to learn and practice endotracheal intubation have decreased over time.   We sought to examine the current training and practices of airway management by anesthetists practicing in Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A structured questionnaire was administered to delegates at an annual conference of the Nigerian Society of Anaesthetists. A total of 49 respondents participated in the survey. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0, the results are presented in appropriate statistical tools, and the findings discussed. Results: The response rate was 82%. Majority of the respondents (61%) had attended a course on airway management. Many of the respondents (54%) had less than 10 years of experience in anesthesia. Majority (69%) of the respondents were from teaching hospitals. All the respondents had access to laryngeal mask airways (LMAs) and 85% of respondents could use them very well. Fiberoptic bronchoscope (FOB) was available to 51% of the respondents and only 22% of them were conversant with its use, while 31% admitted that they needed more training. Majority (71%) of the respondents had received formal training in airway management, some of a short duration (47%). Conclusion: Majority of our respondents had good knowledge of routine airway management using LMAs. Though FOBs may be available in some of the teaching hospitals, very few anesthetists are conversant with its use. There is increased use of simple airway devices with deskilling in complex airway management. Resource limitation means that very few individuals have access to training with novel airway techniques. There is need to increase funding of anesthesia training and services in order to improve skill acquisition and practice of airway management.

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Background: Evaluation of medio-lateral position of patella is necessary for diagnosis and treatment of patellofemoral diseases. Objective: In the present study, we aimed to evaluate medio-lateral patellar position differences and to define a new practical measuring tool which enables us to analyze relationships of the points at the knee. Materials and Methods: Total of 120 healthy volunteers (60 men and 60 women) were included in our study and both of their knees were measured. In the research, the gender groups and right-left differences were evaluated. In the measurements, a four-lever measuring tool designed for this study was used. The four anatomic points of the knee which are center of patella, epicondylus lateralis, epicondylus medialis and middle point of tuberositas tibiae were used. Results: While patella is 76% lateral in the right knee, it is 90% lateral in the left knee in men. As for woman, while it is 50% lateral in the right-knee, it is 30% lateral in the left-knee. In medio-lateral patellar position, while bilateral asymmetry is 28% in men, it is 50% in women. In measurements of knees of women and men, significant differences were detected both in the right and left knees ( P < 0.05 and P < 0.001). Conclusion: The patellofemoral order differences between men and women can explain anatomic reasons of patellofemoral diseases, which are encountered more in women than men.

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Background: The relationship between perinatal outcome and anesthetic technique for preterm cesarean sections has not been explored in South Eastern, Nigeria. Objective: The objective of the following study is to evaluate perinatal outcome in preterm cesarean sections conducted under general anesthesia (GA) and subarachnoid block (SAB) with the aim to ascertain any difference in outcome between the two methods. Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational study of consecutive preterm cesarean deliveries at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital from May 1999 to April 2008. Data entry and statistical analysis utilized the SPSS statistical package for the social sciences, 2008 version 15.0 for windows (SPSS Inc, Chicago IL, USA). Chi-square test was done to determine statistical significance and P ≤ 0.05 were considered to be significant at 95% confidence interval. The delivery characteristics were compared by logistic regression analysis to ascertain any associated confounding effect on perinatal outcome in those exposed to either anesthetic technique. Results: There were 7568 deliveries and 1961 cesarean sections giving a cesarean section rate of 25.9%. A total of 236 cesarean sections were for preterm deliveries giving a preterm cesarean section rate of 3.1%. Of these, 151 women delivered under GA while SAB was used in 85 cases. The mean gestational ages for preterm cesarean sections were 33.2 ± 2.6 weeks and 33.8 ± 2.2 weeks for those who had GA and SAB respectively. The mean Apgar scores were 6.4 ± 3.1 and 7.6 ± 3.1 at 5 min for GA and SAB respectively. There were 24 stillbirths (15.9%) in cesarean deliveries done under GA and 7 stillbirths (8.2%) in women who had SAB ( P = 0.09). Twenty-two (14.6%) babies delivered through GA and 14 (16.4%) delivered under SAB, died within 1 week of delivery ( P = 0.7). There were more babies with low Apgar scores in parturient delivered under GA ( P = 0.0004). More preterm babies delivered under SAB were discharged from the New Born Special Care Unit within 10 days of delivery ( P = 0.006). Hypertensive disorders, though not statistically significant was the most common indication for preterm cesarean delivery among those with GA and SAB. No maternal death occurred during the study period. Conclusion: The study infers a strong association between anesthetic technique and immediate Apgar scores and outcome of resuscitation following preterm cesarean section. This however, failed to translate into higher differences in perinatal mortality.

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Aim: To explore the readiness of and the options for alternative means of livelihood for Blind Street beggars in Sokoto, Nigeria, with a view to achieving the millennium development goals. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a Local Government Area (LGA), in Sokoto State over a 6 weeks period (May/June, 2009). Ethical clearance was obtained from the Ethical Committee of University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital. A list of blind persons in these areas was obtained from the local traditional head of the blind (Sarkin Makafi) who gave the general consent for the study and also assisted in mobilizing the subjects. Blind subjects who consented were examined and included in the study. Data were collected with a semistructured questionnaire. The desire for occupational change and the preferred alternative means of sustenance were explored. Data obtained were coded, analyzed, and summarized in form of frequency tables. Results: A total of 216 (94.7%) subjects were examined out of the 228 subjects that were enumerated. However, only 202 of the registered persons that were actually found to be blind on ophthalmic examination were included in the analysis. Majority of the subjects, 201 (99.5%), wanted alternative means of livelihood. About half of the subjects, 100 (49.8%), wanted to be established in farming or trading. Conclusion: Most respondents expressed readiness for alternative means of livelihood.

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The number of children with renal complications following salmonella infection cannot be precisely defined in the sub-Saharan Africa due to scarcity of reliable data. We report a 3-year-old boy with glomerulonephritis secondary to typhoid infection and later intestinal perforation. He presented with fever, generalized body swelling, oliguria, coke- colored urine and hypertension and had been managed 3 weeks earlier for typhoid fever in a private hospital. Laboratory investigations showed proteinuria, hematuria with red cell casturia and azotemia. Abdominal X-ray done was suggestive of typhoid intestinal perforation that was confirmed at exploratory laparotomy. He was managed aggressively with antibiotics and was discharged on the 25 ^th day of admission. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented case report of acute glomerulonephritis and intestinal perforation as co-complications of salmonella infection in Nigeria.

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