Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the measurement of normal range of ultrasound (US) thyroid gland dimensions in school-aged children (6-16 years) in our environment and compared with what is obtained elsewhere. Setting and Design: A prospective ultrasound measurement study done in University of Benin Teaching Hospital Benin, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A prospective ultrasound (US) study of thyroid dimensions of 500 school-aged children in our environment consisting of 227 boys and 273 girls was done from 1 December 2006 to July 2007. The subjects were examined by the authors and subjects with palpable abnormal thyroid gland were excluded from the study. The thyroid dimensions (length, height, and diameter) were taken for each lobe by means of ultrasound (US). In addition volume of each thyroid lobe was calculated and the summation of volume of the lobes was taken as thyroid gland volume of each subject. Also height and weight of patients were documented from which the subject's body surface was calculated. Incidental thyroid gland lesion in US was excluded from the study. Using the Statistical program of social science (SPSS) and INSTAT (Graph Pad Inc. USA) the data were analyzed. Informed consent was obtained from all the subjects and the study was done in line with the ethical guidelines of the centers. Results: The US thyroid gland volume in school-aged children in Benin City from this study ranges between 1.17 cm ³ and 7.19 cm ³ , mean volume range of 1.76-4.95 cm ³ , median volume range of 1.73-4.73 cm ³ , and range of standard deviation from 0.39 cm ³ to 1.49 cm ³ . The average mean thyroid volume is 2.32 cm ³ with the following average dimensions; anteroposterior right lobe =1.06 cm, mediolateral right lobe = 1.01 cm and craniocaudal right lobe = 2.34 cm, and anteroposterior left lobe = 1.01 cm, mediolateral left lobe = 1.04 cm and craniocaudal left lobe = 2.41 cm for both boys and girls respectively. These data are significantly lower than data obtained by European based World Health Organization/International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (WHO/ICCIDD) 1997. However there is significant similarity with data obtained in similar environment. Conclusion: Ultrasound thyroid gland dimensions in school-aged children in our environment are reproducible and the data obtained are comparable to those obtained in other environment. The values may be better used in our environment as reference data for screening purposes.

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Marfan syndrome is a variable, autosomal dominant disorder of connective tissue whose cardinal features affect the cardiovascular system, eyes and skeleton. The minimal birth incidence is around 1 in 9800. About three quarters of patients have an affected parent; new mutations account for the remainder. The patient's prognosis depends on the severity of cardiovascular complications and is mainly determined by progressive dilation of the aorta. If signs of Marfan syndrome are recognized, it is important to refer to the correct health care professional for further testing to prevent associated complications. If not properly treated, premature death may be caused by the severe cardiovascular and pulmonary complications associated with Marfan syndrome. Therefore, it is important to identify this potentially life-threatening condition in general practice. This article reports two cases with a very typical features of Marfan syndrome.

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Pheochromocytoma presents a challenge to the surgery team because of its clinical features and implications. The patient must be treated before the surgery until a stable hemodynamically state is achieved. The preoperative treatment includes α2-short acting adrenergic blocking and β-blocker agents. The most crucial intraoperative moments are induction of anesthesia and hemodynamic oscillations. An adequate preoperative preparation, modern anesthetic drugs, good collaboration between the surgeons and the anesthesiologists, and postoperative care decrease the rate of complications and improve the outcome. This review aims to discuss all the possible pharmacological strategies of perioperative management of phoechromocytoma, focusing on new drugs and treatments.

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Cervical cancer screening is the key to reducing the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in developing countries. In the absence of a national screening program, healthcare givers in Nigeria are encouraged to routinely inform and screen eligible women. This review aims at equipping health workers for this task by re-educating them on the basics of the disease and its screening by cytology. Relevant texts and online databases including Pubmed, African Journal Online, and Google Scholar, were searched for relevant literature on the subject area. Persistent infection by a high-risk human papilloma virus, especially types 16 and 18, is necessary for the development of cervical cancer. The exfoliation of cells from the metaplastic squamous cells of transformation zone of the cervix is the basis of cervical cytology. Organized Pap screening reduces the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer, but screening protocols vary. Nevertheless, annual screening is not recommended except for high-risk women such as HIV-positive women. Abnormal Pap smear results are currently reported using either the Bethesda System or the British Society for Clinical Cytology classification, and colposcopy with or without biopsy are necessary when indicated. In conclusion, the use of cervical cytology to detect pre-cancerous lesions followed by an appropriate treatment when necessary is the key to reducing invasive cervical cancer. The task of provider-initiated counseling and testing for cervical cancer by health practitioners requires update on the current etio-pathology of cervical cancer, and its screening as reviewed.

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We report a challenging case of a huge gangrenous prolapsed cervical leiomyoma in a multiparous HIV positive lady. A 37-year-old para 3 lady presented with a progressively increasing irreducible mass protruding out per vaginam, 3 months duration of heavy menses, and symptoms of a urinary tract infection. We performed a vaginal myomectomy and she did well postoperatively. A prolapsed gangrenous cervical leiomyoma is a rare condition with only a few cases reported in the literature. Vaginal myomectomy for this condition can be performed in experienced hands without difficulties.

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Background: It has been recognized that preterm labor is related to short cervical length and that poor progress in labor is a major indication for cesarean section at term. We therefore hypothesize that long cervix is not associated with increased risk of cesarean delivery during labor at term. Objectives: The objective is to determine the relationship between cervical length at mid-pregnancy and mode of delivery and preterm delivery. Materials and Methods: Trans-vaginal ultrasonographic scan measurement of cervical length was done for 281 pregnant women at a mean gestational age of 22 weeks. These women were followed up till delivery and the mode of delivery and the cervical length were analyzed for associations. Results: Cesarean section due to poor progress in labor at term constituted 11.7%. The cesarean section for the highest quartile cervical length (40-67 mm) was 50% (P value 0.0018 for trend). Of the 33 women whose mode of delivery was cesarean section due to poor pregress 18 (54.5%) had cervical length of more than 40 cm. The likelihood ratio of cesarean section due to poor progress of labor at term among women at the upper quartile cervical length is 10.28 (P value 0.0013) Conclusion: Long cervical length at mid-pregnancy predicts the possibility of cesarean delivery early in pregnancy. Hence, cervical length in mid-pregnancy can be of value in predicting the mode of delivery in early pregnancy.

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Context: Cervicofacial necrotizing fasciitis (CNF), although a potentially fatal fulminant infection has been largely under-reported in the dental literature. Aims: To report our experience with cases seen and treated at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Settings and Design: A descriptive retrospective clinical study. Materials and Methods: A retrospective survey of cases treated between January 2002 and January 2007 was done. Diagnosis of CNF was established by fascia necrosis found on surgical exploration. Patients' age, sex, medical status, etiology of infection, bacteriology, and treatment received and complications were reviewed. Statistical Analysis Used: SPSS version 15. Results: Of the 48 cases of cervicofacial infection admitted during the study period, only 12 cases of CNF were found. Male:Female ratio was 4:8. The mean age of patients was 58.83 ± 11.91 years while the age range was 42-83 years. Those that had immunocompromised medical conditions included three cases each of diabetes mellitus and chronic nutritional anaemia and one case of retroviral infection. Mixed bacterial isolates of anaerobes and enterobacteriaceae were found in 10 cases while beta hemolytic streptococci were the sole isolate in two cases. All patients had serial debridement combined with intravenous antibiotic medications. Complications included anterior chest wall infection in three patients and one case of pleural effusion. The only mortality occurred in the patient with retroviral infection. Conclusions: We advocate early recognition, surgical debridement and intensive medical care for treatment of CNF in order to reduce morbidity and mortality from this condition.

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Background: Geriatric population in rural Nigeria is often challenged by emergency health conditions that predispose them to higher risk of disability and mortality. Objective: This study was aimed at describing the common geriatric emergencies in a rural hospital in South-Eastern Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive hospital-based study of 216 geriatric patients who presented between June 2008 and June 2011 with emergency health conditions at St Vincent De Paul hospital, Amurie-Omanze, a rural Mission General Hospital in Imo state, South-Eastern Nigeria. The geriatric patients seen within the study period who met the selection criteria were studied. Data extracted for analysis included biodata and diagnosis made. Results: A total of 216 geriatric emergencies were seen during the study period. The ages of the patients ranged from 65 years to 98 years with mean age of 72 ± 1.14 years. There were 94 males and 122 females with a male to female ratio of 1: 1.3. The three most common causes of geriatric emergencies were acute malaria (33.8%), hypertensive crises syndrome (19.0%), and acute hypertensive heart failure (18.1%). Conclusion: This study has shown that the three most common geriatric emergencies were medical emergencies (acute malaria, hypertensive crises syndrome, and acute hypertensive heart failure). Improving the quality of geriatric medical care will help in reduction of these emergency medical conditions. Similarly, health education of the geriatric population to embrace early health-seeking behavior, health maintenance, and promotional practices that are needed to promote longevity is invariably advocated.

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Introduction: The Routine Pap smear test has successfully reduced the incidence of invasive cervical cancer in the presence of a proper structure for its implementation. This study was designed to assess the effect of health education on the knowledge, attitude, and uptake of Pap smear among female teachers. Materials and Methods: It was a quasi-experimental, controlled study with a pre-test, post-test design. A total of 100 respondents were recruited for each of the intervention and control groups, by the multistage sampling technique. Results: The mean knowledge score of cervical cancer was low in both the interventions (25.5% ± 10.5) and control groups (18.9% ± 10.0) at baseline; a significant rise to 57.2% ± 20.7 was recorded after the intervention in the Intervention group (P<0.0001). The baseline mean attitude score was also low in the intervention and control groups (17.1% ± 6.3 and 14.1% ± 6.4, respectively); post intervention there was a significant rise of up to 28.0% ± 12.8 in the Intervention group (P<0.0001). The proportion of respondents with a reported practice of Pap smear was low and similar in both the groups at baseline (1.1 and 4.9% in the intervention and control groups, respectively, P=0.16). Uptake of free Pap smear was poor at the post-intervention phase in both the groups (P=0.45). Reported reasons for poor uptake included the respondents' dislike for the test (38.4%) and the belief that the test was not necessary (24.4%). About 20% of the respondents did not have any reason at all. Conclusion: Health education had no significant effect on the uptake of a free Pap smear among teachers. Despite the significant improvement in the attitude toward the test, many respondents did not like the test after than before the intervention. Sociocultural issues such as the gender of the sample collector, and system factors like few service delivery points, and the time required to access the service could have contributed to the poor uptake recorded in this study. A program designed to improve routine cervical cancer screening by Pap smear should therefore address not only the knowledge and cost, but also the sociocultural and systemic factors.

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Lymphadenopathy is a rare mode of presentation of cysticercus infestation. Hence, in endemic areas, cysticercosis must be included in the differential diagnosis of superficial palpable swellings in the neck region. We report two cases of cervical lymphadenopathy which were clinically suspected to be of tuberculous etiology. However, fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) revealed features of parasitic lymphadenitis consistent with cysticercosis. Our cases highlight the importance of FNAC as an initial and rapid diagnostic modality for detecting parasitic lesions manifesting as lymphadenitis. Diagnosis by the minimally invasive FNA technique prompted an early therapeutic intervention with good response in our patients.

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Background: Graves' disease is a unique conglomeration of cardiovascular, neurological, ophthalmological, and other systemic manifestations. In this study we have tried to explore the psychiatric dimensions of this disease. Aims: This study attempted to explore clinical features, types, and treatment outcome of psychiatric disturbances in Graves disease. Study Design: This is a purposive study following the criteria of DSM IV. Materials and Methods: A total of 36 adult patients of newly diagnosed Graves disease and 30 age- and sex-matched controls were included. Data enumerated were age, sex, date of admission, analysis of psychiatric signs, and symptoms by one independent observer, diagnostic categorization, effect of treatment, and outcome. Follow-up evaluation was done after 1 year. Statistical Analysis : Statistical analysis was done by the standard error of difference, the chi-square test, and paired Student's T-test. Results: Among 36 patients 32 were female and 4 were male. Fifteen patients (41.67%) were diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorders (GAD), 6 (16.67%) with mood disorder, 6 (16.67%) with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and 2 each with personality disorder and schizophreniform disorder. The common symptoms were insomnia, irritability, and anxiety. The Frequency of GAD was statistically more significant in the Graves disease group in comparison to control. Fourteen patients agreed to take both antithyroid and antipsychotropic medications (group 1). The rest were treated with only antithyroid drug (group 2). There was significant improvement in both groups and no difference between the groups. Conclusion: The prevalence of certain psychiatric manifestations in Graves' disease was significantly higher than in the control group. There was no significant difference between therapy with antithyroid drugs and combination of antithyroid with psychotropic medications.

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Objective: Pregnancy results in a lot of hormonal changes in the body and the eyes are no exception. These ocular changes could be physiologic, pathologic or a modification of a pre-existing condition. The aim of this study was to determine physiologic ocular changes that are associated with pregnancy in healthy Nigerian women. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 women were followed longitudinally through out the course of their pregnancy and 6 weeks postpartum. The women were recruited at 8 weeks of pregnancy at the anti-natal clinic in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. The women were aged between 20 and 35 years. Tests carried out included visual acuity, ophthalmoscopy, retinoscopy, and tonometry. The tests were carried out in each of the three trimesters of pregnancy and 6 weeks postpartum. Results: There was a fall in intraocular pressure across the trimesters and this was very significant (P<0.0001). Postpartum, the intraocular pressure began to rise. The difference between the third trimester and post-partum values was also statistically significant (P< 0.0001). The difference in visual acuity through out the pregnancy was not significant (P= 0.8477). Although, there was a fall in refractive error across the different trimesters, it was not statistically significant (P=0.3). There was also no difference in the third trimester and the 6 weeks postpartum values of both visual acuity and refractive error. Conclusion: Ocular changes associated with pregnancy are transient and most tend to resolve postpartum, with values returning to near pre-pregnant state.

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Background: Various aspects of dental trauma have been studied worldwide. Most of these were among children and adolescents. However, studies involving the adult population with traumatized anterior teeth are few. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to report the pattern of trauma to anterior and posterior teeth among the late adolescent and adult patients seen at the Dental Centre, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, the time lapse between trauma and patient presentation, reasons for dental consultation, and the type of treatment received. Materials and Methods: Data were extracted from the dental records of 146 patients with dental trauma that presented between May 2001 and June 2006. Results: One hundred and forty six patients were studied (87 males, 59 females) Males sustained injury more than females. The highest occurrence of trauma was in the age group of 25-34 years and least in the >65 years. Falls accounted for 34.3% of causes followed by RTA (19.2%). Enamel-dentine fracture was the most common type of injury, seen in 73 (38.6%) of the traumatized teeth, 5 were avulsed and 20 posterior teeth had cuspal fracture. All the cases of avulsion and most (83.3%) of root fracture presented within 1 week of injury while teeth that presented late had pulpal necrosis. 22% of the patients presented within 1 week of injury while 13.7% came after 10 years. Conclusion: There was late patients' presentation with average duration of trauma before presentation being 4.6 years; however the more severe the outcome of trauma, the earlier the presentation. Poor esthetics followed by pain were the main complaints at presentation.

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Background: Thyrotoxicosis a common endocrine disorder of the thyroid gland in Nigeria is commonly treated surgically. The outcome of thyroidectomy for toxic goiters in Maiduguri Nigeria is evaluated. Materials and Methods: Over the last 5 years (Jan 2005-July 2010) , in a prospective review, the demographic, and clinical data of patients operated for toxic goiters in our department was entered, into a predesigned proforma and analyzed. The objective of the study is to review our experience with subtotal and near-total thyroidectomy as treatment for benign toxic goiters. Results: Seventy-eight patients, 11 males (14.1%) and 67 females (85.9%), with male: female ratio of 1:6.1 and the mean age of 30 ± 10.9 (range, 17-65 years), underwent thyroidectomy for toxic goiters. The mean duration of symptoms was 41.9 (range 3-126 months). There were 53 patients with toxic diffuse goiters (Grave's disease) with their mean age of 27.6 ± 6.93 (range 17-38 years), 23 with toxic multinodular goiters, the mean age of 43.7 ± 15.68 (range 17-65 years) and two with toxic nodule. There was no case of permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy or permanent hypocalcemia. Transient hypocalcemia occurred in 9 (11.5%) patients and hemorrhage with hematoma, requiring exploration in 4 (5.1%). There were two cases of wound infection and no postoperative mortality. The mean hospital stay was 7.6 ± 2.34 (range 5-15 days). There was no disease recurrence over a mean follow-up of 20.7 (range 2-48) months. Conclusion: Subtotal thyroidectomy is an effective procedure for the treatment of thyrotoxicosis with few postoperative complications and majority of patients being euthyroid after long follow-up.

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Background/Aim: Intestinal atresia is a common cause of neonatal intestinal obstruction. Jejuno-ileum is the commonest site of intestinal atresia. Reports on Jejunoileal atresia in developing countries are still few. The purpose of this study is to determine the presentation and management outcomes of neonates with Jejunoileal atresia treated in our hospital. Materials and Methods: Detailed data on all babies that presented and were treated within the study period (November2008-November, 2010) were kept and analyzed. A management protocol was put up and maintained. Result: A total of 9 babies (7males and 2 females) were treated. They were aged 2hours to 13days. Their weight ranged from 1.7kg to 3.3kg. Apart from one baby which presented within 2hrs with prenatal ultrasound diagnosis, others had bilious vomiting from the first day of birth, abdominal distension and delayed or absent passage of meconium. Even though symptoms developed on the first day of birth, presentation to the surgical unit was delayed 72hours and beyond in most patients.Type I atresia is commonest (no=4).There is associated gut malrotation in 2 babies. Five babies had complications which included surgical site infection, sepsis, prolonged vomiting post operatively, aspiration, rupture of dilated proximal segment after membrane excision, entero-cutaneous fistula and malnutrition. Three babies died giving a mortality of 33.3%. Mortality is commoner in types IIIb and IV. Conclusion: Mortality is higher in complex atresia which most times will require neonatal intensive care and parenteral nutrition facilities. These are still lacking in our institution. Providing these facilities will further improve outcome.

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Background: Little is known about the association between blood pressure and urinary electrolytes in young adult, nonurban-dwelling, sub-Saharan Africans. This study attempts to provide such data in a Nigerian population. Patients and Methods: Four hundred Nigerians (50% female) aged 19-40 years were studied. Their blood pressures (BPs), anthropometric variables, and overnight urinary sodium, and potassium concentrations (UNaC and UKC respectively) were measured using standard procedures. Associations between measures of BP and the other parameters were examined using appropriate statistical tools. Results: UNaC was correlated significantly with only diastolic BP (DBP) (r = +0.105, P = 0.037). Similarly, UNaC was significantly associated with DBP and mean BP (MBP) (β = +0.158, P = 0.018 and β = +0.155, P = 0.020, respectively). UKC was not associated with, nor correlated with, any measure of BP. There was no significant mean difference (P > 0.05) between the sexes for measures of BP and urinary electrolytes. Conclusion: Urinary sodium (but not potassium) concentration was weakly correlated with only DBP, and weakly associated with only DBP and MBP in the studied population. The results support (modestly) the hypothesis that dietary sodium intake may be related to elevated blood pressure.

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Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of tobacco use in dental patients, to compare the knowledge of the effects of tobacco in tobacco users and nonuser, to determine their source of information, and to obtain their opinion on strategies that may be used to reduce or stop tobacco consumption. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey of 400 patients attending the University of Benin Teaching Hospital dental clinic for treatment was carried out using a self-administered questionnaire. Results: The result revealed that the prevalence of tobacco use is 4.25% and that tobacco was consumed in the form of cigarette in 94% of cases. Only a small percentage of the respondents (0.3%) had a poor knowledge of both the tobacco effect on general and oral health. Although 26.5% claimed to have multiple source of information on the effect of tobacco on health but the media was the highest single source (23.5%). Banning of sales of tobacco products was suggested by 30.5% of the respondents, 19.8% suggested that doctor should educate patients on the health effect of tobacco, and 17.8% feel that to discourage tobacco use, multiple strategies should be used. Conclusion: There is a need for health workers to lay more emphasis on the rare complications of tobacco use. The use of multiple regulatory strategies should be employed to reduce the overall adverse health impact of tobacco and the media can play a great role.

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Background: Considerable overlap exists in the value of total prostate specific antigen (tPSA) in both prostate cancer (Pca) and benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). Developing an effective biochemical screening test that will complement PSA assay could reduce the associated cost of care and give timely attention to prostate cancer patients even when they are still asymptomatic is therefore desirable. This work was therefore an attempt to evaluate the possible roles of lipids, antioxidants, and trace metals in breaking the diagnostic tie between Pca and BPH. Materials and Methods: Anthropometric characteristics, total prostate specific antigen (tPSA), serum lipids (total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides), Vit. E, total antioxidant status (TAS), and trace metals (Se, Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn) were determined in 40 patients with histopathological diagnosis of BPH and Pca. Forty age matched control subjects were also recruited from the same community. Informed consent was obtained from all the participants in the study. A P-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: There were significant variations in the weight, hip circumference, and body mass index (BMI) across the group but the post hoc test did not show any difference between patients with prostate cancer and BPH. Among the biochemical parameters studied, only the total cholesterol and triglyceride differed significantly between patients with BPH and prostate cancer patients. Cut-offs from ROC for BPH and prostate cancer at 88.9 sensitivity and 66.7% specificity (95% CI) were 88.5 mg and 161 mg/dl for triglycerides and cholesterol respectively. Furthermore there were no significant variations in the mean levels of copper and tPSA, Vit E, and LDL cholesterol among the study subjects and the controls. Conclusion: Prior to prostate biopsy, serum lipid (especially, fasting triglycerides, total cholesterol) could help in early discrimination of patients with BPH from prostate cancer in adjunct to total PSA and other management protocol for diagnosis of prostate cancer. The use of trace metal or antioxidants may have limited advantages. Further studies in this regard will be very desirable to see if this pattern of triglyceride and total cholesterol values in BPH and Pca are sustainable.

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Objective : The objective of this study was to document oral health practices of pregnant women in two tertiary institutions in North-eastern Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of pregnant women seen at the antenatal clinics of the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital and Federal Medical Centre Yola from May 1, 2009 to July 1, 2009. Results: A total of 294 women were interviewed. They were aged 15-46 with a mean of 27.42 ± 5.97 years. The parity ranged from 1 to 9 with a mean of 2.23 ± 1.65. Twelve (4.1%) women gave a history of symptomatic oral lesion in index pregnancy. Forty-four (15%) had had previous encounter with a dentist, while the highest frequency of oral care was twice a day in 164 (55.8%) of respondents. The majority, 264 (89.9%), used toothbrush/toothpaste as a form of oral care while 2 (0.7%) used charcoal. Women of low parity tended to have better oral care than those of high parity (P = 0.002). Women who are employed had better oral care than housewives (x² = 27.749, P = 0.001). There was no significant relationship between oral complaints and trimester of pregnancy (x² = 4.271, P = 0.118). Conclusion: Oral healthcare among the respondents was encouraging but involvement of the dental surgeon in preventive oral care in pregnancy is rather dismal.

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Background: Optic neuritis is a demyelinating inflammatory disease of the optic nerve that typically affects young adults especially females, and is usually associated with multiple sclerosis especially in Caucasians. The prognosis for visual recovery is usually good but with poor quality. Objective: The objective was to determine the level of improvement of vision after an attack of optic neuritis in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Design: A retrospective hospital-based study was performed. Setting: Eye Clinic, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH), Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Data Extraction: Medical records of all cases of optic neuritis seen at the Eye Clinic of UPTH over a 5-year period (January 2006-December 2010) were retrieved and relevant data including age, sex, presenting symptom, and visual acuity (VA) were extracted. The VA at discharge 12 weeks later was noted. Our diagnosis of optic neuritis was based on the presence of low vision, dyschromatopsia, and peri-ocular pain. Results: Over 24,000 patients were seen during this period, and 27 cases were optic neuritis (0.1%). Of the 27 cases of optic neuritis, 20 cases were retro-bulbar neuritis (74.1%), while seven (25.9%) were papillitis. There were 16 females and 11 males giving a female to male ratio of 3:2. Most cases (75%) at presentation had VAs<6/24. By the 12 ^th week, most visual acuities (77.1%) had improved to 6/12 or better. Conclusion: This study confirms widely documented evidence that there is improvement in visual acuity after an attack of optic neuritis. Even though the risk of developing multiple sclerosis following optic neuritis is said to be low in blacks, these patients should still be followed up for sometime especially as some may go on to develop other complications of demyelination.

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Background: Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer among women in most parts of the world including Nigeria. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been demonstrated to be a helpful strategy in the context of locally advanced breast cancer. Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate some factors that may contribute to low rate of acceptance and adherence to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Materials and Methods: A 1-year prospective study of premenopausal women with locally advanced breast cancer recommended for neoadjuvant chemotherapy from June 2009 to May 2010. Results: Forty-four patients gave consent to be part of the study. The ages ranged from 26 to 51 years with a mean age of 42.1 years ± 7.7 years. Only 31 patients completed the four courses of NAC. Seventeen (38.6%) patients dropped out of treatment, before, during or after completing NAC. Ten of these defaulted due to inadequate funds to procure chemotherapy, three patients because they insisted on immediate mastectomy, and four of these patients refused surgery when they achieved complete clinical response, probably due to fear of mastectomy which is common among women in our environment. Twenty patients had dose deferment. Conclusion : Lack of funds to procure chemotherapy and refusal of additional modality of treatment are the two major factors responsible for default of NAC and its goal in patients with LABC.

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Patients with severe taumatic brain injury may develop intractable raised ICP resulting in high mortality and morbidity. This may be anticipated from the patient's clinical status and imaging findings even where intracranial monitoring is unavailable. Outcome may be improved by early and aggressive control of ICP and surgical decompressive craniectomy is increasingly advocated as necessary.

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Background: This retrospective study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of three-rooted permanent mandibular first molars in digital periapical radiographic images obtained from a Turkish patient. Materials and Methods : Periapical radiographs of 640 subjects, which had been obtained in the Department of Oral Diagnosis Radiology, Kýrýkkale University Dental Faculty, Kýrýkkale, Turkey from June 2010 to March 2011, were screened and examined retrospectively. All radiographs were evaluated under optimal conditions using double magnifying glasses. Each radiograph was separately evaluated by two authors (H.Ç. and M.M.H.). Comparison of the incidence and the correlations between males and females and left- and right-side occurrences were analyzed by using the Pearson chi-square test with SPSS (15.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results : The periapical radiographs of 9 patients, 4 females and 5 males, had three-rooted mandibular first molars. Of these three-rooted mandibular first molars, 7 were found on the right side and 5 on the left side. The overall incidence of patients with three-rooted mandibular first molars was 1.41%. The incidence was 1.63% for men and 1.2% for women. Conclusion : The prevalence of three-rooted mandibular first molars from all teeth examined was 1% (12 of 1205), 1.17% (7 of 596) for the right side, and 0.82% (5 of 528) for the left side occurrences.

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Background: Various routes have been reported with respect to the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from one individual to another. But it is not clear whether they alter the clinical expression of the disease. This study was conducted to know whether there exists any difference in the occurrence of periodontal lesions among untreated HIV subjects who acquired the disease either through intravenous drug abuse or sexual contact and to correlate those lesions with immune suppression as indicated by CD 4 T lymphocyte counts. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study 213 HIV-positive subjects who had not started on Highly Active Anti Retroviral Therapy (HAART) were selected and divided into two groups intravenous drug users (IVDU) and non-IVDU (NIVDU). CD 4 T lymphocyte counts were evaluated and clinical examination was done to detect the presence of pathologic periodontal lesions. Results: Mean probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) are significantly higher in drug users than nondrug users. When periodontal lesions are compared with CD 4 cell counts, it is found that significant inverse relation exists between linear gingival erythema, necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis, and CD 4 counts, but only in nondrug users. Conclusion: An inverse correlation between linear gingival erythema, necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis, and CD 4 counts in NIVDU indicating their reliability as a marker for immune suppression. Periodontitis is more prevalent among drug users indicating some difference in disease expression among the groups.

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Objective : To determine the significance of an extended 10-core transrectal biopsy protocol in different categories of patients with suspected prostate cancer using digital guidance. Materials and Methods : We studied 125 men who were being evaluated for prostate cancer. They all had an extended 10-core digitally guided transrectal prostatic biopsy done for either an elevated serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) or an abnormal digital rectal examination finding or both. Sextant biopsy samples were collected first, followed by additional four lateral biopsies in all patients. Both groups of specimens were analyzed separately. The cancer detection rates of both sextant and extended 10-core biopsy protocols at different PSA levels and digital rectal examination (DRE) findings were determined and compared. The level of significance of difference in cancer detection was determined using Pearson's Chi square test with level of significance set at <0.05. Results : The overall cancer detection by the extended technique was 61 (48.8%) cases while the sextant protocol detected cancer in 52 cases. The 10-core extended protocol yielded an increase in cancer detection rate of 14.8% but the improvement in detection rate was only statistically significant in the sub-set of patients with PSA between 4.1 and 10 ng/mL, with or without abnormality on DRE, with an overall increase detection rate of 33%.(P=0.04) Conclusion : Our study has shown that a 10-core prostate biopsy protocol significantly improves cancer detection in patients with suspected early cancer. It should therefore be the optimum biopsy protocol for patients with gray-zone PSA value, with or without abnormal DRE.

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