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| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2018 | Volume
: 21
| Issue : 7 | Page : 875-881 |
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Levels of burnout and their associated factors among physicians working in Northeast Anatolia
Z Kosan, EO Calikoglu, A Guraksin
Department of Public Health, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| Date of Acceptance | 23-Jan-2018 |
| Date of Web Publication | 09-Jul-2018 |
Correspondence Address:
Dr. Z Kosan
Department of Public Health, Ataturk University, Aziziye, Erzurum
Turkey
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_298_17
 Abstract | | |
Context: The concept of burnout is a condition seen in occupational groups working face-to-face with people and resulting in emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and low professional productivity. Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine burnout levels and associated factors in physicians practicing in Erzurum, Northeast Anatolia, Turkey. Settings and Design: This research was designed as a cross-sectional descriptive study. The research sample size was calculated at 663 participants with a 99% confidence interval and a 3% margin of error using Epi Info software. A 10% incomplete or nonresponse rate was added, for a target cohort of 730 individuals. Seven hundred and eleven physicians agreeing to take part were enrolled. Subjects and Methods: A questionnaire consisting of questions concerning sociodemographic characteristics and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was used as the data collection tool. The questionnaires were distributed by the authors and completed by the physicians in person. Statistical Analysis: Descriptive data were expressed as percentage, mean, median, and standard deviation. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests and binary logistic regression analysis. P < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed on SPSS 15.00 software. Results: The mean age of the physicians in the study was 34.4 ± 7.7 years. Mean MBI subdimension scores were 15.6 ± 7.0 for emotional exhaustion, 5.7 ± 3.9 for depersonalization, and 21.0 ± 4.4 for personal accomplishment. Mean emotional exhaustion and depersonalization scores were significantly higher and personal accomplishment scores significantly lower in physicians aged under 25, not taking vacations, working in public hospitals, who were working as research assistants. Conclusions: Burnout levels among the participants were low (emotional exhaustion in 75%, depersonalization in 76.2%, and low personal accomplishment in 69.6%).
Keywords: Burnout, Maslach Burnout Inventory, occupational stress, physicians
How to cite this article:
Kosan Z, Calikoglu E O, Guraksin A. Levels of burnout and their associated factors among physicians working in Northeast Anatolia. Niger J Clin Pract 2018;21:875-81 |
How to cite this URL:
Kosan Z, Calikoglu E O, Guraksin A. Levels of burnout and their associated factors among physicians working in Northeast Anatolia. Niger J Clin Pract [serial online] 2018 [cited 2022 Jun 26];21:875-81. Available from: https://www.njcponline.com/text.asp?2018/21/7/875/236160 |
| Introduction | |  |
The concept of burnout was first described by Freudenberger in 1974 as a condition seen in occupational groups working in difficult situations face-to-face with other people and characterized by fatigue, disappointment, and resignation from the job.[1] Maslach described burnout as a working individual abandoning the specific significance and purpose of the job and no longer taking an interest in the people served.[2] The characteristic distinguishing burnout from reactions deriving from sources of organizational stress is that it emerges as a result of interactions with individuals encountered due to participants' work.[3]
Three subdimensions of burnout syndrome have been described emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. Emotional exhaustion refers to feeling emotionally overloaded and exhaustion because of one's work.[2]
Depersonalization refers to the display of attitudes and behaviors in a manner lacking any emotion and without considering that the people whom one serves are also individuals.[2]
Personal accomplishment is defined as feelings of adequacy and success in one's work.[2]
A greater risk of burnout has been determined in professions involving face-to-face contact with other people.[1] The tension deriving from working with many patients during the day and afterward the responsibility for taking critical decisions, the serious consequences of those decisions, and the pressure to avoid errors are some of the occupational conditions inherent in the nature of medicine.[4] Moreover, burnout among physicians has been determined to be more widespread than among other workers.[5] The findings of recent studies show that burnout has an adverse impact on professionalism, reduces the quality of care, increases the risk of medical errors, impairs patient satisfaction, and encourages early retirement.[6],[7],[8],[9],[10],[11]
Problems arising due to both imbalances in health personnel distribution between urban and rural areas in our region and to deficiencies in the working environment can create dissatisfaction among physicians. Decreased professional satisfaction and productivity among physicians whose expectations have to a large extent not been met will have consequences that are directly reflected in the community, a vicious circle that will continue to worsen. No wide-ranging studies have previously investigated burnout levels in physicians in our region. The purpose of this study was to determine burnout levels and associated factors in physicians practicing in Erzurum, Northeast Anatolia, Turkey.
| Subjects and Methods | | |
This cross-sectional study was performed to determine burnout levels and associated factors in physicians in the province of Erzurum between January 1 and December 31, 2008. The study population consisted of all physicians actively working in Erzurum, a total of 1166 individuals. The research sample was calculated at 663 participants with a 99% confidence interval and a 3% margin of error (a reference prevalence of burnout of 30% being adopted [12]) using Epi Info [13] software (Epi Info, Georgia, USA). A 10% incomplete or nonresponse rate was added, for a target cohort of 730 individuals. Seven hundred and eleven physicians agreeing to take part were finally enrolled.
The questionnaire used as the data collection tool consisted of two main sections. The first was an information section consisting of 34 questions intended to determine the sociodemographic characteristics of the participating physicians. These questions inquired into personal, professional, and career characteristics. The second section consisted of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). The MBI was developed by Maslach and Jackson.[14] The validity and reliability of the Turkish language version of the scale adapted for health personnel were established by Ergin.[15] The MBI is a five-point Likert-type inventory on a scale from “never” to “always,” consisting of emotional exhaustion (9 items), depersonalization (5 items), and personal accomplishment (8 items) subdimensions. Each item is scored between 0 and 4, and scores are calculated separately for each subdimension. High emotional exhaustion and depersonalization scores and low personal accomplishment scores indicate a high level of burnout. The data obtained were analyzed based on the burnout subdimension value ranges used in Ergin's study, and each subdimension was evaluated at three levels, low, moderate, and high.[15] Scores for emotional exhaustion were evaluated as ≤20 low, 21–27 moderate, and ≥28 high; in terms of depersonalization, scores ≤8 were evaluated as low, 9–12 as moderate, and ≥13 as high, while for personal accomplishment, scores ≤23 were evaluated as low, 24–27 as moderate, and ≥28 as high.
Statistical analysis was performed on SPSS 15.00 software (SPSS, Chicago, IL). Descriptive data were expressed as percentage, mean, median, and standard deviation, and compatibility with normal distribution was calculated using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. The Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U-tests were used for data analysis. Since there are no cutoff values for presence or absence, scores for emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment were divided into relevant halves on the basis of the median value for each subdimension. P < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.
The questionnaires were distributed to the participants and collected by the authors after completion. Consent forms were received from all physicians agreeing to take part.
Approval was received from the Atatürk University Medical Faculty Clinical Research Ethical Committee (no. 9 dated 09.02.2007) before the study began. The research was conducted in line with ethical principles.
| Results | | |
The mean age of the participating physicians was 34.4 ± 7.7 years. Sixty-five percent were male, and 72.9% were married. In addition, 19.0% reported playing sports regularly, 52.3% go on vacation every year, and 29.5% smoked [Table 1]. | Table 1: Distribution of various sociodemographic and occupational characteristics of physicians
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Of the physicians in this study, 51.8% worked in institutions affiliated to the Ministry of Health, 44.8% in university hospitals, and 3.4% in private health institutions. The mean length of professional service was 9.9 ± 7.7 years. In career terms, 29.1% were general practitioners, 47.8% of the career physicians worked in internal medical sciences, and 9.9% in basic medical sciences. In addition, 57.1% of physicians worked night shifts, with 43.7% of these working 6 or more a month [Table 1].
In addition, 85.2% of physicians stated that they had selected the profession of their own accord while 32.3% were satisfied with their working environment and 68.4% were dissatisfied with the physical conditions in their institutions.
In terms of MBI subdimensions, the mean emotional exhaustion score was 15.6 ± 7.0, the mean depersonalization score was 5.7 ± 3.9, and the mean personal accomplishment score was 21.0 ± 4.4.
The mean emotional exhaustion score was high in 5.3% of physicians and the mean depersonalization score was high in 5.4% while the mean personal accomplishment score was low in 69.9%.
Statistically significant associations were determined between participating physicians' age groups, vacation habits, smoking status, institutions worked, total time in the profession, shift working status, career field, satisfaction with working environment, and perception of physical conditions as satisfactory and mean emotional exhaustion and depersonalization scores. Mean emotional exhaustion and depersonalization were significantly higher among physicians aged under 25 (P < 0.001), not taking vacations (P < 0.001), smokers (P > 0.05), those working in public hospitals (P < 0.001), with 6 years or less professional experience (P < 0.001), not selecting the profession of their own accord (P < 0.001), working six night shifts or more (P < 0.001), working as research assistants (P < 0.001), dissatisfied with their working environments (P < 0.001), or perceiving their physical conditions as inadequate (P < 0.001) [Table 2]. | Table 2: Relations between various personal characteristics of physicians and burnout scores
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Statistically significant associations were determined between mean personal accomplishment scores and participating physicians' age groups, vacation habits, institutions worked, career field, satisfaction with working environment, and perception of physical conditions as satisfactory. Mean personal accomplishment scores were significantly lower among physicians aged under 25 (P < 0.001), not taking vacations (P < 0.001), working in public and university hospitals (P < 0.001), with 6 years or less professional experience (P < 0.001), working as research assistants (P < 0.001), not selecting the profession of their own accord (P < 0.001), dissatisfied with their working environments (P < 0.001), and perceiving their physical conditions as inadequate (P < 0.001) [Table 2].
The difference between the sexes in terms of mean emotional exhaustion and depersonalization scores was not significant (P > 0.05). However, male physicians' personal accomplishment scores were significantly higher than those of females (P < 0.001) [Table 2].
The emotional exhaustion scores of physicians engaging in sports were significantly lower than those of nonsporting physicians (P > 0.05) while no significant difference was observed in depersonalization and personal accomplishment scores [Table 2].
Mean emotional exhaustion scores were higher in physicians working in internal medicine, and mean depersonalization scores were higher in physicians working in surgical medical sciences (P < 0.001). Although mean personal accomplishment scores were higher in patients working in basic medical sciences, the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05) [Table 2].
In the binary logistic regression model, not taking vacations increased the risk of emotional exhaustion 3.11-fold (odds ratio [OR] =3.11, 95% = 1.89–5.11), smoking increased the risk 1.42-fold (OR = 1.42, 95% = 1.01–1.99), working as a research assistant 3.73-fold (OR = 3.73, 95% =1.60–8.66), dissatisfaction with the working environment 5.89-fold (OR = 5.89, 95% =2.94–11.79), and perceiving physical conditions in the workplace as inadequate increased the risk 1.57-fold (OR = 1.57, 95% =1.06–2.33) [Table 3]. Total length of professional experience of 6 years or less increased the risk of depersonalization 2.10-fold (OR = 2.10, 95% =1.24–3.55), working as a research assistant increased the risk 4.99-fold (OR = 4.99, 95% CI = 2.05–12.14), working night shifts 1.41-fold (OR = 1.41, 95% =1.004–1.996), dissatisfaction with the working environment 2.76-fold (OR = 2.76, 95% CI = 1.46–5.23), and perceiving physical conditions in the workplace as inadequate increased the risk 1.62-fold (OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.09–2.40) [Table 4]. Male gender increased personal accomplishment 1.94-fold (OR = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.28–2.94), total professional experience of 18 years or more increased the risk 3.02-fold (OR = 3.02, 95% CI = 1.82–5.00), and perceiving physical conditions in the workplace as inadequate increased the risk 1.64-fold (OR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.14–2.36) [Table 5]. | Table 3: Binary logistic regression analysis results for various personal variables by the dimension of physician's emotional burnout
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 | Table 4: Binary logistic regression analysis results for various personal variables by the dimension of physicians' depersonalization
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 | Table 5: Binary logistic regression analysis results for various personal variables by the dimension of physicians' personal accomplishment
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| Discussion | | |
Mean burnout scores were at a low level in this study intended to determine burnout levels and associated factors in physicians working in health institutions in the province of Erzurum. Our findings are similar to those of other studies involving physicians in various parts of Turkey.[12],[16],[17] Mean burnout scores in Ergin's “Maslach Burnout Inventory Turkey Health Personnel Norms” were higher than those in our study.[15] This may be due to Ergin's study also including nonphysician health workers.
Emotional exhaustion scores were highest in physicians aged under 25, and mean personal accomplishment scores were higher in older physicians. These findings are compatible with the previous literature.[16],[18],[19],[20],[21] This may be attributed to physicians' professional experience increasing with age, the development of independent decision-making skills, and possession of status bestowing satisfaction.
While no difference was determined between the sexes in terms of mean emotional exhaustion and depersonalization scores, male physicians' personal accomplishment scores were approximately twice as high as those of female physicians.[15] Women's greater responsibilities in their lives outside work may explain their lower personal accomplishment levels. Similar findings in terms of gender have been reported in the literature.[19],[22],[23] One review of 67 studies of burnout among assistant physicians reported that sex is not a determining factor in burnout.[24] It is difficult to find any definite statement regarding the effect of the gender variable in burnout on the part of Maslach et al.[25]
The emotional exhaustion scores of sports-playing physicians were significantly low. Similar results have been reported in Turkish and international studies.[21],[26] Interventional studies have reported that doing sports, alone or in groups, physical activity and tension exercises reduce burnout and job stress.[27] Sport is one recommended means of coping with emotional exhaustion.
The risk of emotional exhaustion in our study was three times higher in participants who did not take vacations compared to those who did. Aras's study from our region reported a similar risk of personal and emotional exhaustion to that in our study.[28] International studies also support this view. Studies have determined that physicians who go on vacation experience less burnout and that physicians' exhaustion levels decrease after vacations.[21],[29]
Smoking physicians experienced significantly greater emotional exhaustion and depersonalization than nonsmokers. Cecil et al. reported greater emotional exhaustion in smokers in their study of medical faculty students.[30] This may be due to health personnel working under intense stress regarding smoking as a solution to this.
The institutions with the highest mean emotional exhaustion and depersonalization scores in our study were public hospitals while private hospitals exhibited the highest personal accomplishment scores. Özyurt's results were similar to our own findings; physicians working in public and university hospitals had higher emotional exhaustion and depersonalization scores and lower personal accomplishment scores compared to those in a private hospital.[12] Studies involving physicians working in various specialties overseas have also determined higher burnout levels in physicians working in public hospitals compared to colleagues in private hospitals.[31],[32] Working in private hospitals is known to provide a very good income. Lack of institutional deficiencies, the meeting of expectations, and patients having higher socioeconomic levels may result in less burnout being experienced. The intensive workload of public hospital personnel and the heavy burden imposed by bureaucratic procedures are significant factors triggering burnout.
In terms of total working time in the profession, physicians with 6 years or less experience had high mean emotional exhaustion scores and low personal accomplishment scores. According to the Edelwich model, entering a profession with great hopes which are subsequently not met at the expected level gradually leads to burnout.[33] Higher levels of burnout have been reported in inexperienced individuals and those who had newly entered the profession compared to more experienced individuals.[17]
The personal accomplishment scores of physicians working night shifts and of physicians working six night shifts or more a month decreased while emotional exhaustion and depersonalization scores increased. It may be concluded that burnout levels increase for reasons such as the excessive workload when working night shifts, assuming sole responsibility for patients, the lack of a period of leave on the following day, and sleeplessness. Previous studies concur with our findings, with studies of health personnel and physicians determining that the number of night shifts increases burnout in an independent manner.[20],[34],[35],[36]
Our results showed lower emotional exhaustion and depersonalization and higher personal accomplishment scores among those who selected the profession of their own accord. Various studies from Turkey have shown that physicians who report entering the profession from their own choice experience less burnout.[12],[37]
Research assistants in our study had higher emotional exhaustion and depersonalization scores compared to other career alternatives. The high burnout levels of research assistants may be due to reasons such as their being new to the profession, young and inexperienced, to difficulties in adapting to the profession, and to their heavy workload and numerous night shifts. The findings of previous studies are compatible with our own results.[12],[16],[18],[38]
The mean emotional exhaustion and depersonalization scores of individuals who were dissatisfied with their working environment were significantly higher, and their personal accomplishment scores significantly lower, than those of the physicians who were content with their conditions. Physicians who are dissatisfied with their working conditions exhibiting greater depersonalization and emotional burnout may be due to discontent with those conditions, conflicts, feelings of tension, being in a stressful environment, and an inability to work in a peaceful state of mind. The conclusions of Aras's study of primary physicians in our province are similar to our own.[28] Studies from Turkey have shown that satisfaction affects all three subdimensions of burnout.[39],[40] Studies from different countries involving health personnel and physician have shown that satisfaction with the working environment affects burnout levels and patient care outcomes.[34],[41],[42] Maslach and Jackson reported an association between working environment and burnout.[22]
Physicians who perceive their physical conditions as adequate are reported to experience less burnout and regarding those conditions as adequate is thought to raise satisfaction levels. The findings are compatible with the literature.[12],[38],[43]
According to our own and previous findings, physicians who are young and new to their professional lives experience higher levels of burnout. Precautions against burnout should, therefore, be taken while trainee doctors are still studying in medical faculties. At the same time, since burnout levels are lower among physicians who choose the profession of their own accord, the requisite importance needs to be attached to preuniversity counseling services. Arrangements must be made to allow personnel to take vacations, and salary deductions must be reduced to a minimum to alleviate financial concerns over taking annual leave. Personnel must be encouraged to engage in sports, and training sessions should be arranged. Group activities should also be arranged outside working hours to encourage sports participation rates. Since the working environment and physical conditions affect the mood and productivity of all workers, joint decisions must be taken in which all staffs have a voice, and measures must be taken, depending on the means available, to improve the working environment.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5]
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